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词汇语法主谓一致 要点l 随前一致： n.+togetherwith n2 aswellas；including；alongwith；with/of；accompaniedwith/by l 就近原则：n1orn2+v（就近原则） eithern1orn2 l 可数n1and可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1and不可数n2+v(pl) 例外：warandpeaceiswarandpeace是一个整体 但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。l The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.l The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.l The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.l 类似的还有：lawandorder；breadand butter；blackandwhite；Toloveandtobelovedis；Alawyerandateacherare；Alawyerandteacheris l 随后原则：notAbutB/notonlyAbutalsoB+v.(与B一致) l 百分比结构：most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1决定）时态要点l 1. 掌握不同时态的标志词l 如：与完成时连用的时间状语：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等 l 2. 掌握不同时态的特殊用法l 一般现在时表将来：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.l If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.l 正在进行时表示将来：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用动词有：go, leave, come, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop等。时态要点l 3. 记住不同时态的典型句型l 在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：l It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.l 在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen/before 句型中，主句常用过去完成时。l Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 非谓语要点不定式 (infinitive) 动名词 （gerund） 分词 （participle） 非谓语动词非谓语动词要点l 1. 熟悉用不定式作宾补的常见动词：l advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess get hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn ask beg expect intend pretend say teach wantl 2. 熟悉 “动词doing”结构的常见动词：l resent understand suggest stand resent postpone pardon permit necessitate mind miss mention involve include imagine finish favour forbid excuse escape enjoy acknowledge advice advocate appreciate avoid consider complete confess delay deny l 3. 不定式作状语时常用的句型l (1) in order to和so as to do(以便，为了):l (2)tooto do(非常 以至于不能)l (3) enough to do(足以做)l (4)only to do(不料却)l 4. 现在分词、过去分词弄清逻辑主语l (1). _ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though to be toldC. Having told D. He was toldl (2). _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he was toldC. To have been told D. He was toldl 5.熟悉独立主格独立主格结构例句: With the problems settled, the boss felt relaxed. With a lot of dishes to wash, I can not go with you. With a lot of dishes to be washed, the kitchen is out of order. 情态动词要点l 1. 掌握不同情态动词的情态意义l 表示可能性时，Can 往往指逻辑上的可能性May表示可能则指事实上的可能性。l 1) According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow. l 2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.l should有竟然之意l I am surprised_ this city is a dull place to live in.l A that you should think B by what you are thinkingl C that you would think D with what you were thinkingl 2.表示推测时可能性大小：Might-may-could-can-should-ought to-would-will-mustl 3.情态动词完成式的意义must (not) have done表示对已发生的事情的判断，中文常表达为：准是It must have rained last night; the ground is wet.（昨晚准是下雨了，地上湿漉漉的。）should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done表示事与愿违，中文常表达为：（不）该，本（不）该The baby was cut badly; she shouldnt (oughtnt to) have let him play with the scissors. (孩子伤得很厉害；她不该让他玩剪刀。)may / can (not) have done表示本（不）可能 She may have known the news; she is crying. （她可能已经知道那个消息了；她在哭。） need (not) have done表示本（不）需要You neednt have bought that dictionary; I have got a spare one. （你实际上没有必要买那本字典；我有一本多余的。）情态动词要点l 4. 几个情态动词常考的句型l (1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.l (2)cannot/canttoo “越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover。如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.l (3)usednt或didnt use to为used to (do)的否定式。虚拟语气要点l 1. 注意含蓄条件句:l so that, or, unless, in case, lest, for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, suppose, if only; but for要不是，倘若没有, but that要不是，倘若没有, without要不是，倘若没有, except for要不是l 2. 错综条件句l If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. （现在过去）l 3. 省略ifl 采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did，had，should 移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。l Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the parkl 如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。l 4. 虚拟语气主要句型l 1) had hoped引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。l 47. I had hoped that John _a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months. l A. spends B. spent l C. would spend D. will spend l 2)虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 l A用wish表示对现在的愿望时：过去式（be动词用were）。 l B用wish表示对将来的愿望时：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 l Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 l 3) Its (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。 l Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _?l A) we are going home B) we go home l C) we went home D) we can go home l 4) would rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。l Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.l A) dont B) wouldnt l C) didnt D) shouldnt从句要点l 从句可分为：l 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句l 形容词性从句：定语从句l 副词性从句：状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。 l v 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。l v 常见的同位语从句先行词(that之前的抽象名词)：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding扩大词汇量l 1. 词根、词缀记忆法l 2.通过比较音形辨别识记法记忆单词l 3.组合搭配记忆法l 4. 阅读记忆法l 5.看电影记单词l 6. 联想记忆法前缀记忆法l 1、表示时间顺序关系的前缀,如:ante-(前),ex-(前任),post- 后),pre-(前,先),re-(又,再),fore-(预先)。l ante-war(战前的),ex-president(前任总统),postwar(战后的),l pre-fabricate(预先构思),recall(召回),foretell(预言)l 2、表示否定意义的前缀l (1)纯否定意义的前缀有in-,dis-,non-,un-等,表示“无,非,不”之意,l informal(非正式的),dishonest(不诚实的),non-effective(无效力的),uncomfortable.(不舒服的)等。l (2)表示错误意义的前缀有mis-,(误,恶),mal-(坏)等l mis-understand (误解),malediction(诽谤)等。l (3)表示相反动作的前缀有dis-(否定,相反),de-(离开,除去),un-(不,无)等,l disconnect(拆开,割断),decentralize(分散), unpack(打开包裹)等。l 3、表示程度差别的前缀有super-(超过),out-(超过),sub-(次,亚,低),over-(过度),extra-(超出),ultra-(外,极)。l supermarket(超级市场),outlive(比长寿), subatomic(亚原子的),overburden(负担过度), extraordinary(非凡),ultramodern(极现代的)等。l 4、表示空间,方面,位置关系的前缀有in-(向内),trans-(转移,横过),inter-(在之间,相互),sub-(在下)等。l 例词:inside(内部),transplant (移植),interact(相互作用),subway(地l 铁)等。l 5、表示数量关系的前缀有bi-(双),tri-(三),multi-(多),uni-(单),semi-(半)等。l 例词:bilingual(两种语言的),triangle(三角形), multilateral(多边的), unicycle(独轮车),semi-circle(半圆)等。l 6、表示态度的前缀有com-(共同),co-(共同),anti-(防),counter-(反), pro-(亲)等。l 例词:compatriot(同胞),collaborate(合作),anti-fascist(反法西斯),counteract(抵抗),pro-British(亲英的)等。l 7、其他可引起词类改变的前缀有en-,a-,out-等l (1)前缀en-可以加在名词或形容词前构成动词l 例词:enslave(奴役),endanger(危害),enlarge(扩大)等。l (2)前缀a-加在动词、名词前可构成形容词或副词l 例词:asleep(睡着的),aboard(在船上),aside(旁边),ashore(岸上)等。 (3)前缀out-加在一些不及物动词前可构成及物动词或名词l a、构成及物动词如:outshine(照得比更), outlive(比长命),outweigh(重过), outrun(比.跑得快)等。l b、构成名词,如:outcome(结果),outlet(出口),outlook(眼界)等。l 8、一些次要的前缀,如:with(后,背离),hemi- with-(向(半),mono-(单,一)poly-(多,复) centi-(百分之一,一百),milli-(毫)等。l 例词:withdraw(撤回),hemisphere(半球),monosyllable(单音节词),l polygamy(多配偶制),centimetre(厘米),milligram(毫克)等。数字前缀识别记忆同音异形异义词识别记忆同形同音异义词They charged me five dollars for a cup of coffee.He was charged with bribery.She advised me not to buy the house. The garage advised me that my car was ready. 识别记忆异音异义形相似的词组合搭配记忆法l gaffe: a social blunder, faux pas（出丑，失态）l quip：a sharp, sarcastic remark; a cutting jest（讽刺，嘲弄）l out of place：unsuitable to the circumstances or surroundings; inappropriate（不合适的）l get into hot water: 陷入困境，惹麻烦l imbecile：a dunce; blockhead; dolt（愚蠢的人）l woo：to seek the favor, affection, or love of（求爱，追求）了解重点词汇细微区别l 1. 形似词l 2. 同义词l 3. 同源词assureassure用来表示向某人保证某事将要发生，既可以用来确证某事，也可以表示使某人确信（If you ASSURE a person of something，you promise them or tell them that）。assure的宾语通常是人或人称代词，所以不能直接搭用that clause。其常用结构为：assure sb. of sth.。 He assured us of his ability to solve the problem We booked early to assure ourselves of（getting）good seats ensure l 1. ensure的意思是使某行为或某件事的结果得以保证，即确保某事发生（to make sure that sthhappens）。ensure后可以直接跟 that-clause，并可以用复合宾语。常用结构为：ensure sth. ; ensure that clause l To ensure the childs quick recovery，the doctor gave him an antibiotic l Registration ensures delivery of mail ensure l 2. ensure也可以表示确保安全，免遭伤害。 To ensure freedom against tyranny insurel insure 意思是为防不测向保险公司付钱投保（to pay money to an insurance company against future disaster）。 l My house is insured against fireAre you insured for all risks？ reassurel reassure 表示安慰忧虑不安的人，使其安心，放心，恢复信心（to comfort someone who is anxious and make him her free from fear or worry；to bring back confidence to）。l 常用结构为： reassure sb（about sth）reassure sb that-clause I was worried that my work wasnt good enough，but the teacher reassured me（about it） The captain reassured the passengers about the strength of the ship insure, ensure, and assurel To help you remember when to use each word, keep the following three hints in mind:l You assure a person.l You insure your car.l You ensure everything else.同义词quakev. to shake violently from shock or instabilityExamples:l He stood there quaking with fear.l The earth was quaking.l The boughs quaked at every breath.quiverv. to shake with a slight but rapid motion, close to tremble. 作这一动词主语的多是表示人体某个部位的名词（如：声音、嘴唇、双手等）。树枝、树叶或旗帜等物受外界因素影响而产生的轻微摇动也可用quiver表达。 Examples:l His voice/fingers quivered uncontrollably.l The blades of grass quiver in the wind.l His lips were quivering with emotion. l Leaves quiver in the breeze.shakel v. to make lots of quick small movements up and down, or side to sidel 1）由过分紧张的心情或十分激昂的情绪而引起的颤抖。就词义而言，shake重于tremble。l 2）由年迈体弱等自然因素所引起的颤抖。 Examples:l By that time the building is shaking violently. We could not even stand up. l The house shakes when the train goes by.l He shakes with emotion.l He was so angry that his whole body shook . shiverl v. to tremble mostly because of coldness, fear, or excitement l n. a shaking movement that your body makes when you are cold, frightened, or excited l 多指受寒后快速、相当轻微的颤抖shiverl The night in the desert was cold. We were all shivering. l she gave a slight shiver. l He still had the shivers when he passed the spot