ijk+虚拟语气.doc

1. I pron.我2. ice n.冰3. ice-cream n.冰淇淋4. Iceland n.冰岛5. idea n.主意，意见，打算，想法6. idiom n.习语，成语7. if conj.如果，假使；是否，是不是8. ill adj.有病的；不健康的9. illness n.疾病10. imagine vt.想像，设想11. immediate adj.立即的，马上12. immediately adv.立即13. immigration n.移民14. import v.&n.进口，输入15. importance n.重要性16 important adj.重要的17. impossible adj.不可能的18. impress vt.留下极深的印象19. impression n.印象，感觉20. improve vt.改进，更新21. in prep.在里(内)；在；以adv.在家，在内，向内22. inch n.英寸23. incident n.事件24. include vt.包含，包括25. income n.收入，所得26. incorrect adj.不正确的，错误的27. increase v.&n.增加，繁殖28. indeed adj.确实；实在29. independence n.独立30. independent adj.独立的；有主见的31. India n.印度32. Indian adj.(美洲)印地安人的；印度人的n.印地安人；印度人33. industry n.工业，产业34. influence n.&v.影响35. inform vt.告诉；通知36. information n.信息37. informationdesk问讯处38. initial adj.开始的，最初的39. injure vt.损害，伤害40 injury n.受伤处41. ink n.墨水，油墨42 inland adj.内陆的；内地的43. inn n.小旅店；小饭店44. insect n.昆虫45. insert vt.插入46 inside prep.在里面adv.在里面47.insist vi.坚持；坚决认为48. inspect vt.检查；检验；审视49. inspire vt.鼓舞；激励50. instant adj.瞬间；刹那51. instead adv.代替，顶替52. institute n.(研究)所，院，学院53. institution n.(慈善、宗教等性质的)公共机构；学校54.instruct vt.通知；指示；教55. instruction n.说明，须知；教导56. instrument n.乐器；工具，器械57. insurance n.保险58. insure vt.给保险59. intend vt.想要，打算60. interest n.兴趣，趣味；利息61. interesting adj.有趣的62. international adj.国际的63 internet n.互联网，英特网64. interpreter n.翻译65. interrupt v.打扰，打断66. interval n.间歇；间隔67. interview n.&vt.采访，会见，面试68. into prep.到里；向内；变成69. introduce vt.介绍70. introduction n.引进，介绍71. invent vt.发明，创造72. invention n.发明，创造73. inventor n.发明者，创造者74. invitation n.邀请，请帖75. invite vt.邀请，招待76. Ireland n.爱尔兰77. Irish adj.爱尔兰的，爱尔兰人的78. iron n.铁，熨斗vt.熨烫79. irrigate vt.灌溉80. irrigation n.灌溉81. island n.岛82. it pron.它83. Italian adj.意大利(人)的；意大利语的n.意大利人；意大利语84. Italy n.意大利85. its pron.它的86. itself pron.它自己J1. jacket n.短上衣，夹克衫2. jam n.果酱；阻塞3. January n.一月4. Japan n.日本5. Japanese adj.日本的，日本人的，日语的n.日本人，日语6. jar n.罐子；坛子7. jaw n.下巴8. jazz n.爵士音乐，爵士舞曲9. jeans n.牛仔裤10. jeep n.吉普车11. jet n.喷气式飞机；喷射(器)12. jewel n.宝石13. jewelry n.(总称)珠宝14. job n.(一份)工作15. jog v.慢跑16. join v.参加，加入；连接；会合17. joke n.笑话18. journalist n.记者，新闻工作者19. journey n.旅行，路程20. joy n.欢乐，高兴，乐趣21. judge n.裁判；审判员；法官vt.判断，断定22. judgement n.裁判23. juice n.汁、液24. juicy adj.多汁的；水分多的25. July n.七月26. jump n.跳跃；跳变v.跳跃；惊起；猛扑27. June n.六月28. jungle n.丛林，密林29. junior adj.初级的；年少的30. junk n.(口语)废品，破烂货31. junkmail塞到邮箱里的广告宣传品32. junkfood没有营养的食品33. just adv.刚才；恰好；不过；仅34. just adj.公正的35. justice n.正义；公正；司法K1. kangaroo n.大袋鼠2. keep(kept,kept) v.保持；保存；继续不断vt.培育，饲养3. keeper n.(动物园中的)饲养员，看守人4. kettle n.(烧水用的)水壶5. key n.钥匙；答案；键；关键6. keyboard n.键盘7. kick v.&n.踢8. kid n.小孩9. kill v.杀死，弄死10 kilo n.千克；千米11. kilogram n.千克12. kilometer n.千米(公里)13. kind n.种，类adj.善良的，友好的14. kindergarten n.幼儿园15. kind-hearted adj.好心的16. kindness n.仁慈；善良17. king n.国王18. kingdom n.王国19. kiss n.&vt.吻，亲吻20. kitchen n.厨房21. kite n.风筝22. knee n.膝盖23. knife(复knives) n.小刀；匕首；刀片24. knock n.&v.敲；打；击25. know(knew,known) v.知道，了解；认识；懂得26. knowledge n.知识，学问9虚拟语气 I. 概念 Subjunctive Mood语气就是我们常说的说话人说话的口气。在汉语中，语气是由说话人说话的语调，情节等等表现 出来的，动词不变。而在英语中，除了语调之外，最主要的是通过谓语动词的形式发生变化而表示不同的语气。在英语中语气分类为三类：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。 陈述语气: 我们把一句话作为对情况的叙述或询问说出来， 就用陈述语气，用于陈述句，疑问句和感叹句。祈使语气： 我提出劝告，请求，命令等时，要用于祈使语气 虚拟语气： 如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求命令，劝告等。而上一种假设，愿望，建议或是一种难以实现的空想，就用虚拟语气。II 虚拟语气主要分为三个板块：1 用于条件句中(if)的虚拟语气。 （常考点；重点） 条件句可分两种： 真实条件句和非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气， 在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句If you dont hurry up, you will be late for class. 如果你不快点，你将会迟到的。( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气） If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。 （非真实条件状语从句） If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句）2、if条件句的虚拟用法及动词形式 A. 与过去事实相反 if+主语+had done +其他， 主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他.If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） B. 与现在事实相反 if+主语+过去时+其他 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他If I were you, I would take an umbrella.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. C. 与将来事实相反，表示对将来情况的主观推测 if+主语+did/should/were to do if+主语+did/be(were) sth if+主语+should do 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. D. 错综时间条件句虚拟语气 (考点；难点)有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer now. 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。 If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. E. 虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装 （常考点；重点） 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时，条件中的从句要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。Were she here(If she were here,) , she would agree with us.Had he learnt about computers(If he had learnt about computers,), we would have hired him to work here.F、含蓄条件句 （常考点；难点）1, 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、分词短语、独立主格结构表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without, but for等 Without your instruction（If you had not instructed me,）, I would not have made such great progress. Having known in time（If we had known in time,）, we could have stopped it. But for your help(If you had not helped me/If it had not been for your help,) , I couldnt have achieved anything. 2. 用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构。 （重点）在条件从句中除最常见的连词if外，还有下列词：otherwise 否则，不然 unless 除非 so long as 只要 in case 假如 I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. （If I had not been busy last week, I would have come to see you.）二 虚拟语气在一些从句中的用法。 I 宾语从句中的虚拟。 （常考点；难点） A 一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advise. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”He proposes that we (should) work out a plan first.I suggest that we (should) visit that school.注： insist如果翻译成坚持决要求才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持说或认为就不用虚拟语气。 He insists he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 He insisted that they (should) show him their passports.他坚决要求他们向他出示护照。(虚拟语气，但他们没有向他出示护照。) suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如： His face suggests that he looks worried.他的表情暗含着他很担心。 He suggested that she should leave the house at once. 他建议她立刻离开这房子。（虚拟语气，她事实上还没有离开。）注意： suggest doing sth (不能跟不定式) He suggested going there at once. 他建议立即去那儿。 B. 虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句。 (常考点；难点) 1. 表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) 2. 表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词） I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 3. 表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形 I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了） C. 一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 1. 过去 had + 过去分词； Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 (与过去事实相反) 2. 现在 过去时(be 用were ) Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在这儿。（与现在事实相反）3. 将来 过去时(be 用were ) （常考点;难点） Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿。（与将来事实相反）III. 主语从句中虚拟。 （常考点；难点）1. 表示情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、 important、impossible、 natural、 strange 、surprising 、 funny 、 right、wrong. better、 a pity、a shame、no wonder、a honor等。 句型：It is.that 结构后的主语从句。表虚拟语气时，从句的谓语动词都要用 should（可省略）+原型 或只用动词原型。 It is a pity that you should miss a good chance. 真遗憾， 你失去了这么好的机会。It is important that we should speak politely. 说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.没有必要使每个人都成为科学家。IV. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟。1. 表语从句。（常考点；难点）用suggestion, proposal, order, insistence, plan, requirement, recommendation, idea等表示愿望，建议, 命令等情绪是，用虚拟语气，从句中用 should （可省略） +动词原形。My suggestion is that we try it again. 我的建议是再试一次。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。2. 同位语从句.(常考点；难点)当先行词是以上词表时，愿望，建议，命令，决定等 从句用虚拟语气。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一种建议就是布朗应该离队。V定语从句中的虚拟。(常考点, 重点)It is /was time/high time/about time that +主句+过去式 It is time I was in bed, 我该睡了。(该是睡觉时间，但是还没睡)It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。VI. 虚拟语气用于目的状语中。在从属连词lest引导的目的状语从句中，可以使用助动词should+动词原形，意为“为了不，以免。” 表否定目的，这种虚拟语气表“有疑问的动作”。I shall remind you, lest you should forget. 我将提醒你， 以免你忘记。VII虚拟语气用于方式从句中。（常考点。重点）在从属连词as if, as though 所引导的让步状语从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时， 它们所引导的表示虚拟性的比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。从句的动词形式和wish或if引导的从句中的动词形式变化相同。He speaks English as if he were (was) an Englishman.他说起英语来好像他是个英国人似的。( 与现在事实相反)They talked about the city as if (though) they had been there them. 他们谈论那座城市就好像他们以前真去过那儿似的。（与过去事实相反）He stood up as if (though) he would speak. 他站起来好像要发言似的。（实际上他不可能发言， 与将来事实相反）VIII. 虚拟语气用于让步状语从句中。（常考点；重点） 1. 在从属连词even if/though引导的让步状语从句中。如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，要用从句用虚拟语气。从句的动词形式和wish或if引导的从句中的动词形式变化相同。Even though he were here, he would not help us. 即使他在这里，他也不会帮助我们。(与现在事实相反)I would have married her even if she had been penniless.即使她那时一文不名，我也要娶她的。 （与过去事实相反）Even if it did not rain tomorrow, I would not go to movies with you.即使明天不下雨，我也不会跟你一起去看电影。（与将来事实相反）2. 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： （不常考点；了解） may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 三其他常用句型 （附加。了解）1 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。 Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？ You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。 2 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他”。 May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May you succeed/ be successful. 3表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。 Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。 God bless us. 上帝保佑。 4习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 (1) 提出请求或邀请。 Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？ (2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。 I should be glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。 (3) 提出劝告或建议。Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。 (4) 提出问题。Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？ I. Fill in the blanks with proper words.1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _( read ) the book from which it was made.2.You are late. If you _( come) a few minutes earlier, you _ ( meet ) him.3.The two students talked as if they _ (be) friends for years4.It is important that I _ ( speak) with Mr. Williams immediately.5.He looked as if he _( be ) ill for a long time. 6.If the doctor had come earlier; the poor child would not _ （lie） there for two hours7. I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _ so busy then. 8. If it _ (rain )another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.9. It is high time that he (go) to school.10. She often shares her deepest thoughts and fears with friends through QQs, as if they in her living room.II. Correct mistakes.1. Had he worked harder on his science project, he would win the first prize in the competition.2. The scientists are urging that the chemical must be banned.3. We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold didnt us a ride home.4. He was occupied with business matters. Otherwise, he will have given you hand.5. You would know what was going on if you listened.6. If Li Lin came yesterday, I would have asked him not to do that.7. It was ordered that the classroom would be kept in order.8. If he hadnt chosen to save the girl, he would not had died in the river.9. I dont think it is a good decision that he will be given this job since he has no exception at all.10. If the poisoned girl was found two hours earlier, she could have been saved. III. Correct mistakes Dear MrSadler，Im writing to express my interest for the tourist guide position offering in your advertisementIve learned English for so long that can communicate with native speakers of English without difficultWhats more，Ive worked as a guide ago and know all the tourist attractions in my hometown very wellI11 be available during the winter vacation，from Feb10 to March 10，but I dont have any problem working evenings and weekendsAs for the best places to visit，the