词源字典 A部分.doc

-ability suffix expressing ability or capacity, from L. -abilitas, forming nouns from adjs. ending in -abilis (see -able). Not etymologically related to ability, though popularly connected with it. -able suffix expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from L. -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives from verbs, from PIE *-tro-, a suffix used to form nouns of instrument. In L., infinitives in -are took -abilis, others -ibilis; in Eng., -able is used for native words, -ible for words of obvious L. origin. The Latin suffix is not etymologically connected with able, but it long has been popularly associated with it, and this has contributed to its survival as a living suffix. It is related to the second syllable of rudder and saddle. -acea suffix denoting orders and classes in zoology, from L. -acea, neut. pl. of -aceus belonging to, of the nature of (enlarged from adj. suffix -ax, gen. -acis); neut. pl. because of a presumed animalia, a neuter plural noun. Thus, crustacea shellfish are *crustacea animalia crusty animals. In botany, the suffix is -aceae, from the fem. pl. of -aceus, with reference to L. plantae, which is a fem. plural. -ad suffix denoting collective numerals (cf. Olympiad), from Gk. -as (gen. -ados), a suffix forming fem. nouns; also used in fem. patronymics (Dryad, Naiad, also, in plural, Pleiades, Hyades). -ado in commando, desperado, tornado, and other words of Sp. and Port. origin, person or group participating in an action, from L. -atus, pp. suffix of verbs of the first conjugation (cf. -ade). -age suffix forming nouns of act, process, function, condition, from O.Fr./Fr. -age, from L.L. -aticum belonging to, related to, originally neut. adj. suffix, from L. -atus, pp. suffix of verbs of the first conjugation. -aholic abstracted from alcoholic first in sugarholic (1965), later in workaholic (1968), golfaholic (1971), chocoholic (1976), and shopaholic (1984). -algia suffix denoting pain, from Gk. algos pain, algein to feel pain, of unknown origin. Related to alegein to care about, originally to feel pain. -archy suffix meaning rule, from L. -archia, from Gk. -arkhia, from arkhos leader, chief, ruler, from arkhe beginning, origin, first place (see archon). -aster suffix expressing incomplete resemblance (e.g. poetaster), usually dim. and deprecatory, from L., from Gk. -aster, suffix originally forming nouns from verbs ending in -azein, later generalized as a pejorative suffix, e.g. patraster he who plays the father. a (1) indefinite article, c.1150, a variation of O.E. an (see an) in which the -n- began to disappear before consonants, a process mostly complete by 1340. The -n- also was retained before words beginning with a sounded -h- until c.1600; it still is retained by many writers before unaccented syllables in h- or (e)u-, but is now no longer normally spoken as such. The -n- also lingered (especially in southern England dialect) before -w- and -y- through 15c. a (2) as in twice a day, etc., is from O.E. an on, in this case on each. The sense was extended from time to measure, price, place, etc. The habit of tacking a onto a gerund (as in a-hunting we will go) died out 18c. a capella 1876, earlier alla capella (1847), from It., in the manner of the chapel, lit. according to the chapel, from cappella chapel. Originally in ref. to older church music (pre-1600) which was written for unaccompanied voices; applied 20c. to unaccompanied vocal music generally. a priori 1710, from cause to effect (a logical term, in ref. to reasoning), from L., lit. from what comes first, from priori, abl. of prior first (see prior (adj.). Used loosely for in accordance with previous knowledge (1834). A&P U.S. grocery chain, originally The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, founded 1859 by George Huntington Hartford and George Gilman. a- (1) in native (derived from O.E.) words, it most commonly represents O.E. an on (see a (2), as in alive, asleep, abroad, ashore, etc., forming adjectives and adverbs from nouns; but it also can be M.E. of, as in anew, abreast (1599); or a reduced form of O.E. pp. prefix ge-, as in aware; or the O.E. intens. a-, as in arise, awake, ashame, marking a verb as momentary, a single event. In words from Romanic languages, often it represents L. ad- to, at. It naturally happened that all these a- prefixes were at length confusedly lumped together in idea, and the resultant a- looked upon as vaguely intensive, rhetorical, euphonic, or even archaic, and wholly otiose. OEDa- (2) prefix meaning not, from L. a-, short for ab away from (cf. avert), or its cognate, Gk. a-, short for apo away from, from, both cognate with Skt. apa away from, Goth. af, O.E. of. a- (3) prefix meaning not, from Gk. a-, an- not, from PIE base *ne not (see un-). A-1 in figurative sense of first-rate, 1837, is from Lloyds of London designation for ships in first-class condition. A-frame type of framework shaped like the letter A, 1909; in building construction, attested from 1932. A-line descriptive of a dress or skirt flared in shape of a letter A, 1955, in ref. to Christian Dior. A-OK 1961, abbreviation of all (systems) OK, originally in the jargon of astronauts. See OK. A.D. 1579, from L. Anno Domini Year of the Lord. First put forth by Dionysius Exiguus in 527 or 533 C.E., but at first used only for Church business. Introduced in Italy in 7c., France (partially) in 8c. In England, first found in a charter of 680 C.E. Ordained for all ecclesiastical documents in England by the Council of Chelsea, July 27, 816. The resistance to it may have been in part because Dionysius chose 754 A.U.C. as the birth year of Jesus, while many early Christians would have thought it was 750 A.U.C. See John J. Bond, Handy-Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era, 4th ed., London: George Bell & Sons, 1889 a.k.a. acronym for also known as, according to OED and other sources, first recorded 1955, Amer.Eng., but it is attested in legal documents from at least 1936 cf. 4 Conn. Supp. 327, 1936 Conn. Super. LEXIS 205: GENERAL BAKING COMPANY vs. HYMAN KAPLAN (a.k.a. HYMAN I. KAPLAN). The OED reference date may be for non-legalese usage. A.M. 1762, abbreviation of L. ante meridiem before noon. a.m. type of radio wave broadcast; see amplitude. a.s.a.p. as soon as possible, 1955, originally U.S. Army slang. aardvark 1833, from Afrikaans Du., lit. earth-pig (the animal burrows), from aard earth (see earth) + vark pig, cognate with O.H.G. farah (cf. Ger. Ferkel young pig, sucking pig, a dim. form), O.E. fearh (see farrow). Aaron masc. proper name, in O.T., brother of Moses, from Heb. Aharon, probably of Egyptian origin. The Arabic form is Harun. aback O.E. on bc, at or on the back. Now surviving mainly in taken aback, originally a nautical expression for a sudden change of wind that flattens the square sails back against the masts and stops the forward motion of a ship (1754). The figurative sense is first recorded 1840. abacus 1387, sand table for drawing, calculating, etc., from L. abacus, from Gk. abax (gen. abakos) counting table, from Heb. abaq dust, from root a-b-q to fly off. Originally a drawing board covered with dust or sand that could be written on to do mathematical equations. Specific reference to a counting frame is 17c. or later. Abaddon c.1382, used in Rev. ix.11 of the angel of the bottomless pit, and by Milton of the pit itself, from Heb. Abhaddon destruction, from abhadh he perished. The Gk. form was Apollyon (q.v.). abaft O.E. on bftan backwards, the second component itself a compound of be by + ftan aft (see aft). Since M.E. used exclusively of ships, the stern being the after part of a vessel. abalone 1850, Amer.Eng., from Sp. abulon from Costanoan (a California coastal Indian language family) aluan red abalone. abandon 1375, to subjugate, subdue, from O.Fr. abandoner surrender, from at, to + bandon power, jurisdiction, in phrase mettre bandon to give up to a public ban, from L. bannum, proclamation, from a Frankish word related to ban (v.). Etymologically, the word carries a sense of put someone under someone elses control. Meaning to give up absolutely is from 1386. The noun sense of letting loose, surrender to natural impulses (1822) is from Fr. abandon. abase 1393, abaishen, from O.Fr. bassier make lower, from V.L. *ad bassiare bring lower, from L.L. bassus thick, fat, low; from the same source as base (adj.) and altered in Eng. by influence of it, which made it an exception to the rule that O.Fr. verbs with stem -iss- enter Eng. as -ish. abash c.1303, from O.Fr. esbaiss-, stem of esbaer gape with astonishment, from es out + ba(y)er to be open, gape, from L. *batare to yawn, gape, from root *bat, possibly imitative of yawning. Bashful is 16c. derivative. abate c.1270, from O.Fr. abattre beat down, from L. ad to + battuere to beat (see batter (v.). Secondary sense of to fell, slaughter is in abatis and abattoir. abatis defense made of felled trees, 1766, from Fr., lit. things thrown down, from O.Fr. abateis, from abattre to beat down, throw down (see abate). abattoir slaughterhouse for cows, 1820, from Fr. abattre to beat down (see abate). Abbassid dynasty of caliphs of Baghdad (750-1258) claiming descent from Abbas (566-652), uncle of Muhammad. For his name, see abbot. abb 1530, title given in France to every one who wears an ecclesiastical dress, especially one having no assigned ecclesiastical duty, from Fr., from L.L. abbatem, acc. of abbas (see abbot). abbess 1297, abbese, from O.Fr. abbesse, from L.L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas (see abbot). abbey 1250, convent headed by an abbot or abbess, from Anglo-Fr. abbeie, from O.Fr. abaie, from L.L. abbatia, from abbas (gen. abbatis); see abbot. abbot O.E. abbud, from L. abbatem (nom. abbas), from Gk. abbas, from Aramaic abba, title of honor, lit. the father, my father, emphatic state of abh father. The L. fem. abbatissa is root of abbess. abbreviation 1460, from M.Fr. abrviation, from L.L. abbreviationem (nom. abbreviatio), from pp. of abbreviare make brief, from L. ad to + breviare shorten, from brevis short, low, little, shallow (see brief (adj.). Abderian laughter from Abdera, in Thrace, whose citizens were considered rustic simpletons who would laugh at anything or anyone they didnt understand (making their town the Hellenic equivalent of Gotham). abdicate 1541, to disown, disinherit (children), from L. abdicatus, pp. of abdicare disown, disinherit (specifically abdicare magistratu renounce office), from ab- away + dicare proclaim, from stem of dicere to speak, to say (see diction). Meaning divest oneself of office first recorded 1618. abdomen 1541, belly fat, from L., belly, originally lower belly, perhaps from abdere conceal, with a sense of concealment of the viscera, or else what is concealed by proper dress. Purely anatomical sense is from 1615. Biological sense of posterior division of the bodies of arthropods first recorded 1788. abduct to kidnap, 1834, altered from abduce to draw away by persuasion (1537), from L. abducere lead away, from ab- away + ducere to lead (see duke). Abduction is first recorded 1626 in lit. sense of a leading away; the illegal activity so called from 1768. In the Mercian hymns, L. abductione is glossed by O.E. wilaednisse. abeam at right angles to the keel, c.1836, nautical, lit. on beam; see a- (1) + beam. abed O.E. on bedde in bed, from a- (1) + bed. Abel masc. proper name, in O.T., second son of Adam and Eve, from Heb. Hebhel, lit. breath, also vanity. Abenaki Algonquian-speaking Indians of northern New England and the Maritimes, 1721, from Fr. abenaqui, from E.Abenaki wapanahki, lit. person of the dawn land. aberration 1594, a wandering, straying, from L. aberrationem, from aberrare go astray, from ab- away + errare to wander (see err). Meaning deviation from the normal type first attested 1846. abet c.1374 (implied in abetting), from O.Fr. abeter to bait, to harass with dogs, lit. to cause to bite, from to + beter to bait, from a Gmc. source, perhaps Low Franconian betan incite, or O.N. beita cause to bite, from P.Gmc. *baitjan, from PIE base *bheid- to split (see fissure). abeyance 1528, from Anglo-Fr. abeiance suspension, also expectation (especially in a lawsuit), from O.Fr. abeance aspiration, desire, noun of condition of abeer aspire after, gape from at + ba(y)er be open, from L. *batare to yawn, gape (see abash). Originally in O.Fr. a legal term, condition of a person in expectation or hope of receiving property; it turned around in Eng. law to mean condition of property temporarily without an owner (1660). Root baer is also the source of English bay (2) recessed space, as in bay window. abhor 1449, from L. abhorrere shrink back in terror, from ab- away + horrere tremble at, shudder, lit. to bristle, be shaggy, from PIE *ghers- start out, stand out, rise to a point, bristle (see horror). abide O.E. abidan, gebidan remain, from ge- completive prefix (denoting onward motion; see a- (1) + bidan bide, remain, wait, dwell (see bide). Originally intransitive (with genitive of the object: we abidon his we waited for him); transitive sense emerged in M.E. Meaning to put up with (now usually negative) first recorded 1526. The historical conjugation is abide, abode, abidden, but the modern formation is now generally weak. Abigail fem. proper name, in O.T., Abigail the Carmelitess, a wife of David, from Heb. Abhigayil, lit. my father is rejoicing, from abh father + gil to rejoice. Used in general sense of ladys maid (1666) from character of that name in Beaumont & Fletchers The Scornful Lady. The waiting maid association perhaps begins with I Sam. xxv, where Davids wife often calls herself a handmaid. ability c.1380, from O.Fr. ablet expert at handling (something), from L. habilitatem (nom. habilitas) aptitude, from habilis easy to manage, handy (see able). One case where a silent L. -h- failed to make a return in Eng. (despite efforts of 16c.-17c. scholars); see H. Abitur Ger. final secondary school exam, 1863, short for abiturium, from Mod.L., desiderative of L. abire to go away. abject c.1430, cast off, rejected, from L. abjectus, pp. of abicere throw away, cast off, from ab- away, off + jacere to throw (see jet (v.). Fig. sense of downcast, brought low first attested 1520. abjure 1430, from M.Fr. abjurer, from L. abjurare deny on oath, from ab- away + jurare to swear, related to jus (gen. juris) law (see jurist). ablative c.1434, from M.Fr. ablatif, from L. (casus) ablativus (case) of removal, expressing direction from a place or time, coined by Julius Caesar from ablatus taken away, pp. of auferre carrying away, from ab- away + ferre carry (see infer). ablaut vowel gradation, 1849, from Ger. Ablaut, lit. off-sound, coined by J.P. Zweigel in 1568 from ab off + Laut sound, tone, from O.H.G. hlut (see listen). Popularized by Jacob Grimm. ablaze 1393, from a on (see a- (1) + blaze. able c.1365, from O.Fr. (h)able, from L. habilis easily handled, apt, verbal adj. from habere to hold (see habit). Easy to be held, hence fit for a purpose. The silent h- was dropped in Eng. and resisted academic attempts to restore it 16c.-17c., but some derivatives acquired it (e.g. habiliment, habilitate), via Fr. Able-bodied first attested 1622. Able-whackets - A popular sea-game with cards, in which the loser is beaten over the palms of the hands with a handkerchief tightly twisted like a rope. Very popular with horny-fisted sailors. Smyth, Sailors Word-Book, 1867ablution ritual washing, c.1386, from L. ablutionem (nom. ablutio), noun of action from ablutus, pp. of abluere to wash off, from ab- off + luere wash, related to lavere (see lave). ABM 1963, acronym for anti-ballistic missile. abnegation 1554, from L. abnegationem (nom. abnegatio) refusal, denial, noun of action from abnegatus, pp. of abnegare, from ab- off, away from + negare to deny (see deny). Abner name of Sauls commander in the O.T., from Heb. Abhner, lit. my father is light, from abh father + ner light. abnormal 1835, replaced older anormal and abnormous (1742) under infl. of L. abnormis deviating from a rule, from ab- off, away from + norma rule (see norm). The older forms were via O.Fr. anormal (13c.), from M.L. anormalos, from Gk. anomalos, from an- not + homalos, from homos same. The Gk. word influenced in L. by association with norma. aboard 1494, from O.Fr. on + board board, from Frank. *bord (see board); the boarding or sides of a vessel extended to the ship itself. The usual M.E. expression was within shippes borde. The call all aboard! as a warning to passengers is attested from 1838. abode 1250, action of waiting, from O.E. abad, pp. of abiden to abide (see abide), used as a verbal noun. The present-to-preterite vowel change is consistent with an O.E. class I strong verb (ride/rode, etc.). Meaning habitual residence is first attested 1576. abolish 1459, from M.Fr. aboliss-, prp. stem of abolir to abolish, from L. abolescere to die out, decay little by little, inceptive of L. abolere to retard the growth of, from ab- from + adolere to grow, from PIE *ol-eye-, causative of base *al- to grow, nourish (see old). Tucker writes that there has been a confusion of forms in L., based on similar roots, one meaning to grow, the other to destroy. Application to persons and concrete object