木材生产技术与管理.doc

1条 躯干：森林作业科学与技术；两条腿:1、林业装备2、林区道路。1、What is Forest Engineering?A branch of engineering concerned with the solution of forestry problems with regard to long-range environmental and economic effects. (Sci-Tech Dictionary. )2、我国森林资源的特点：Rich in tree species and broad area suitable for forests 宜林地区广，树种多 2、Low forest coverage and low stand stocking 森林覆盖率低3. Uneven distribution森林资源地区分布不均 ：Northeast largest natural forest area Southwest 2nd largest natural forest area Southeast mainly plantations and secondary forests 四大林区1、东北林区2、北方林区3、东南林区4、西南林区3、第八次全国森林资源清查（2009-2013年）(The Eighth National Forest Resources Inventory )结果显示，中国森林面积达到1.95亿ha-2.08亿ha森林覆盖率20.36%-21.6% 世界第五 4、Five forest types公益林（保护林、特殊用材林）商业林（用材林，经济林，薪炭林）5、Chinas forestry goals：By the year of 2020, forest coverage will increase to over 23 percent；2050, 26 6、Forest Sustainable Development：It refers to keeping the long-term productive capacity and regeneration capacity of forests and maintaining forest ecosystems and the biodiversity in the absence of unacceptable damages. 森林可持续发展是指在没有不可接受的损害的情况下长期保持森林生产能力和再生能力以及保持森林生态系统的物种和生态多样性。Forestry Sustainable Development：It refers to the sustainable development of productivity, species, genetic diversity, and renewable capacity of the forest ecosystem.7、Timber production technology木材生产工艺：Choose production line, select appropriate equipment/technology, coordinate working procedures, and accomplish production task with less investment, high efficiency, short working cycle, and low cost. 选择流水作业线,选用设备/技术,协调工序间配合/衔接,完成生产加工任务 投资少 效率高 周期短 成本低8、木材生产作业特性1。资源开发性:Resource exploration 2。场地分散，可转移性Scattered sites, Maneuverability 3。自然条件约束性 Natural constraints 4。社会经济与环境生态的双重属性Double attributes of social economic and environment9、木材生产产品形态（四大产品类型）Felled tree, long log, short log, chip伐倒木，原条，原木，削片10、木材生产主要完成哪几个动作？采 集 归 装 运（采 集在山上伐区，归装运在山上棱场） 卸 造 选 归 装（山下贮木场）采伐，集材，归楞，装车，运材用户 卸车 打枝 造材 选材 归装用户11、倒伐木生产过程： The harvesting planning is an unique in that The key concept in planning a timber harvest is to gather information and use it.A harvest plan is a set of environmental standards, rules and regulations 12、The primary objective of logging planning:1、is economy of operation,2、to develop comprehensive strategic and operational planning mechanisms that ensure that forest values will be protected during harvesting,3、to ensure responsible use of land and forest resources for the maximum benefit of all stakeholders,4、to develop plans that take account of the socio-economic and environmental impacts on the area,5、to provide efficient and environmentally responsible means of harvesting timber.13、There are two stages of harvest planning:1、preliminary pre-harvest planning2、 comprehensive harvest planning.14、Preliminary planning is a fairly simple plan and prepared：by a forestry consultant ， for a forest landowner prior to conducting a timber sale.15、Pre-harvest planning is the gathering and analysis of：maps, photographs, a forest inventory, other documents, several visits to the future harvest site.16、预规划核心1、Mark boundaries 2、soil(well-drained poorly-drained) 3、Mark existing forest roads 4、Lay out(landing roads skid trails storage) 5、Marking critical areas 6、stream crossing 7、SMS河流缓冲带17、重点Tools for planning a timber harvest: 1、GPS, caliper, hypsometer, Measuring tape, computer etc. 2、Forest Management Plan and Stumpage Price 3. Topographic Map 4.Aerial Photos and Local Soil Survey18、Log decks（原木楞台）:1.should generally be kept as small as feasible, and 2.should be well “daylighted” to facilitate drying out after a shower. 3.an ideally located log deck will be on a slightly sloped area with stable soils that do not easily rut.19、Locate and mark logging road entrance points from public roads. Generally, the law requires that a truck driver pulling onto the highway from a temporary logging road be able to see clearly in either direction for a minimum of 60 meters. 定位和标记的伐木道路入口点从公共道路。一般来说，法律要求卡车司机拉到公路从一个临时的伐木道路可以清楚地看到，在任何一个方向至少60米。入口点应位于排水良好的土壤，稳定。20、Locate any other logging road “control”points：These are points or locations that logging road must either connect or avoid. 1.Entrance points and stream crossing are“positive” control points, and 2.Rock outcrops or gumbo clay flats are“negative” control points.21、Locate and flag the logging road gradeline (in the mountains) or centerline (in flat areas） Ideally, the grade should be kept at: 10% or less for haul roads 15% or less for skid roads理想情况下，等级应保持在：10%或更低的运输道路15%或更少的防滑路面22、Specify stream crossing structures, if applicable.重点The common choices from least to most expensive are : A ford, A culvert, A “low water” bridge, and An elevated timber bridge.23、重点The best choice depends on： cost, stream characteristics, the amount of use, load bearing requirements, etc.24、Planning Forest Access System：A typical 40-ha tract will require about 8 kilometers of road to skid logs. This includes：About 1 km of haul road and 7 km of skid roads. 一个典型的40公顷道将需要约8公里道路打滑的日志。这包括约1公里的运输道路和防滑路面7公里。Regeneration planting or direct seeding移植或者直接播种 Map宏观 森林数据 地方关系 眼见为实 25、The logging plan may include recommendations on logging roads, streamside management zones, stream crossings, skid trails, and the schedule of activities. 26、Timber Harvesting：（1）The end of the growing cycle of a forest Timber production（2）The start of the next generation Seeds to germinate & be successfully established Exposed mineral soil Direct sunlight of an open area Site productivity27、森林采伐类型Final felling（主伐）Target: mature and overmature timber stands Purpose: timber productionCriteria: favors forest regeneration, reduce negative ecological impacts Intermediate felling（抚育采伐）Target: immature stands Purpose: promote stand growth, improve stand qualityCriteria: cutting stands with high density while keeping the one with low density, cutting trees in bad condition while keeping the good onesRegeneration cutting（更新采伐）Target: protection/shelter forests Purpose: improve forest efficiency, promote regenerationCriteria: cutting weak, overmature, or maladapted treesLow yield forest improvement（低产林改造）Target: low yield forest Purpose: create stands with high quality and yieldCriteria: cutting stands with low yield and quality 28、主伐包括：皆伐 （clearcut） 渐伐（shelterwood cut） 择伐（selective cut）29.Artificial regenerationpanting or direct seeding (most commonly used) Shorten recovery time Improve stand quality High costNatural regeneration natural seeding sprouting of trees that were in the standMinimize impacts on water quality Reduce soil erosion control pollution resulting from forestry operations30.sw forests can be regenerated by removing all but the best 40 to 60 trees and cutting the smaller,more poorly formed trees 31、Selective Cut：usually the oldest or largest trees, Selective cutting of the large trees, in mature stands, leaves poorer quality and less valuable trees for the future.32、Best Management PracticesOral presentation Forest & environment Forest operations & environment Overall benefits of forests(Economical benefits Ecological benefits Social benefits)33、Best Management Practices (BMPs) Definition ：guidelines for building forest roads and skid trails and for harvesting timber near streams. Forest management practicesPurpose ：1.Minimize impacts on water quality2.Reduce soi