液压支架中英文翻译

欢迎下载本文档参考使用，如果有疑问或者需要CAD图纸的请联系q1484406321河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文附录 A液压支架概况与电液控制技术的研究1 液压支架发展概述液压支架是以高压液体为动力,由若干个液压元件(油缸、阀件)与一些金属构件组合而成的一种支撑和控制顶板的采煤工作面设备。具有强度高、移动速度快、支护性能好、安全可靠等特性。自20世纪50年代以来,液压支架已逐步成为采煤工作面核心设备,世界上主要产煤国家投入了大量的人力物力和财力对其进行研究开发。目前,以液压支架为主体的支护趋于成熟,世界上已生产制造出数百种架型和上万种型号的液压支架,以适应各类煤层开采支护需要。上世纪60年代,我国也曾开发了10余种液压支架,由于种种原因未得到推广应用,液压支架处于研制、实验阶段;70年代先后从英国、德国、波兰、前苏联等主要产煤国家引进数10余套液压支架。经不断的探索、使用、消化和总结,制造出各种类型的支架,它是国产液压支架发展的起点; 80年代液压支架研发处于创新提高阶段,相继开发出30余种新架型,制造出ZZ系列、XY系列、ZD系列等不同规格,并广泛用于国有大中型煤矿,取得良好的经济效益; 90年代特种液压支架的研制获得迅速发展,机械化铺网支架、水砂充填支架、端头支架、强力支架、放顶煤支架等相继问世;本世纪随着计算机技术、自动化技术的普及与应用,液压支架的控制获得突破性进展,逐步向程序控制、数字控制、遥控和自动化控制迈进。2 国内外液压支架差异国产支架在制造技术、材质性能、加工工艺、控制系统及密封性能上与国外先进国家相比有很大差距。2.1 加工制造方面据有关综采工程技术人员反映,国产液压支架的工艺技术、服务年限、使用性能、所用材质到目前为止尚未达到。1979年引进100套支架的技术水平。如结构材料:德国采用ST52材料其屈服极限为500 MPa,而我国使用16 Mn材料屈服极限仅为350 MPa;阀类:国外一直使用铜合金阀壳和高强度不锈钢阀芯,我国则是45#钢加表面热处理;在加工工艺上:国外油缸内壁是复镀,国产则为不镀,导致立柱在使用过程中过早出现斑点,划伤等密封漏液现象,影响支护效果。国产液压支架与国外生产的液压支架相比平均缩短23 a服务年限。2.2 控制系统方面国产液压支架控制系统的研发处于落后状态,严重制约了支架的移设速度的提高和综采经济效益的发挥。世界上几个主要产煤大国始终把支架控制系统作为提高综采经济效益的重要手段, 20世纪60年代采用手动直控操作系统;70年代采用先导控制系统,随之英国首先提出研制电液控制系统, 80年代趋于成熟; 90年代道梯公司研制出全工作面电液控制系统,紧随其后威斯特伐利亚- 贝瑞特公司研制出更为先进的P- M3、P-M4电液控制系统。现美国、德国、英国、澳大利亚等国家基本上全是可编程电液控制,而我国仍多采用手动控制系统。2.3 液压元件方面液压元件的研发速度远远滞后于液压支架发展的需要。液压支架的可靠性主要依赖于液压元件的可靠性,液压支架在煤矿生产中应用是否成功,关键在于液压元件的技术性能是否达到要求。国外目前多采用大流量安全阀、液控单向阀、截止阀、初撑力保持阀及立柱快速回液阀。对液压元件的结构形式、几何尺寸、材料选择、热处理方法和表面处理等各方面进行了深入的研究与开发。研制出一批密封性能好、灵敏度高、进排液能力大、抗冲击载荷强的各类液压元件,以适应液压支架工作性能的要求。而我国对此类液压元件研发较为滞后,目前仍沿用上个世纪80年代的产品,没有形成液压元件通用化、系列化、标准化。3 液压支架发展前景与展望鉴于科学技术的高速发展,新技术、新工艺、新方法、新材料的不断应用及计算机技术的空前扩展,液压支架的未来发展具有十分诱人的前景。3.1 设计理念的更新，液压支架发展的一场革命在液压支架设计中必须考虑环境的属性。由于液压支架的工作条件恶劣,人、机环境的相互关系问题显得更加重要。绿色设计是将材料选择、产品结构、工艺方法、外观造型和色彩搭配按照一定规律,采取艺术的方法加以巧妙融合,充分体现人机环境系统的和谐统一。笨重的液压支架形象将被安全、可靠、易维修、低耗能、高效率、造型美观所取代。这种绿色设计,它不仅可虑环境和资源既要满足经济发展需要,又要满足人类生存发展需要,是人类可持续发展战略在支架设计中的体现。如:液压支架在设计过程中采用多目标模糊化设计,要求支撑力大,移架速度快,重量轻,用材少等,每个目标确定一个函数,即得多个设计目标函数,然后组合优化,确定最佳方案。3.2 采取纯水液压技术，液压支架将成为绿色机械纯水液压技术是液压领域的发展前沿。它不仅有良好的抗燃性、散热性、而且价格也便宜,无污染,长久以来液压支架在地表层下工作,由于使用工作介质是乳化液,并有许多添加剂(乳化剂、防锈剂、防霉剂、偶合剂等) ,对地表以下微环境污染十分严重,所以,液压支架使用纯水液压技术,对降低煤矿的生产成本,保护环境是有益的,并可大大改善矿井的工作和安全条件。随着社会不断进步,人们对依赖生存的环境有了更高的要求,希望有一个安全、环保、高度文明的绿色环境。时代的要求呼唤着水压传动(起源于1605年发现帕斯卡定律)这一古老又崭新的技术复出,并受到世界的关注。目前,西方国家集中力量研究该项技术,并取得突破性进展。如:润滑磨损问题,合理选用摩擦副材料,有工程塑料、结构陶瓷、高分子材料、防锈防腐镀层等。结构陶瓷具有耐磨性,抗气蚀性能好,良好的化学稳定性,较低的磨擦系数等特征,备受青睐。在液压元件中用结构陶瓷代替部分金属材料,大大的改善了其性能。总之,新材料的成功研制与应用,精密加工技术的不断进步,以及各种新结构液压元件的制成,都将成为液压支架采用纯水液压技术进入严格的无污染领域,提供十分诱人的应用发展前景。3.3 高科技的应用，液压支架区域智能化先进的科学技术应用是将各种技术相互渗透,相互结合的基础上相互辅助,相互促进和提高,充分利用各种相关技术的优势,扬长避短,使组合后的整体功能大于组成整体的各个部分功能之和的综合性交叉学科。多种技术向“机械母体- 液压支架”不断渗透,包括机、电、液、光、磁等技术的伺服系统。具体说,是以液压支架输出的力、速度为目的,构成了从输出到输入的闭环系统,是涉及传感技术、计算机控制技术、信号处理技术、机械传动技术、液压传动技术等。由于快速运算速度,强大的记忆功能和灵敏的逻辑判断功能,从而实现了人机对话,使之操作维护方便,整机功能强。液压支架应用功能不断扩大,对矿井煤层地质条件适应性不断增强,生产效益对设备的依赖性程度愈来愈大,工作可靠性更加重要。故障诊断技术(包括信号检测,故障判断,故障检测,故障分析等内容)将随着高科技的发展理论(如小波技术、神经网络,人工智能等)进入液压支架的早期诊断,预防和减少事故的发生、维修的盲目性和维修时间,延长支架服务年限,提高生产效率。4 电液控制技术基本原理及主要组成随着采煤技术的不断发展,液压支架的控制系统和支架制造材料都得到了很大的改进,其中控制系统由原来的手动操作逐渐改进为电液自动控制,大大加快了工作面的移架速度。另外,高强度钢板的开发和应用也进一步减少了支架单位工作阻力所具有的质量,支护性能也有很大的提高,从而使工作面产量成倍增加,实现了回采工作面的自动化,成为煤炭开采技术的一次重大革新。目前,电液控制技术在美国、德国等综采技术领先的国家得到了广泛的应用,而我国则是近几年才逐步在一些液压支架上配套使用电液控制技术。4.1电液控制技术的基本原理1) 双向邻架控制系统。综采工作面每一支架均配有架控箱,操作者通过支架架控箱选择邻架控制方式,然后根据指令发出相应控制命令(给出电信号) ,使邻架上对应的电磁铁或微电机动作,让电信号转化为液压信号,控制主控阀开启,向支架液压缸供液,实现邻架支架相应的动作。支架工作状态由位移传感器和压力传感器反馈回架控箱,架控箱再根据传感器反馈信号决定支架的下一个动作。2）双向成组控制系统。将工作面的支架编为若干组,在本组内首架上由操作人员按动架控箱的启动键,发出一个指令,邻架就按预定程序动作,移架完成后自动发出控制信号给下一架控箱,下一架开始动作。依此类推,实现组内支架的自动控制。3）全工作面自动控制系统。功能完善的电液控制系统设有主控制台、红外线装置,能实现支架与采煤机联动的全工作面自动化控制。其原理为:每一支架上的架控箱均与主控制台联网,当支架红外线接收装置收到采煤机红外线发射器发出的位置信号后,反馈给主控制台,主控制台根据反馈信号发出指令,使相应的支架动作。4.2主要组成部分1) 电液控制器( SCU) 电液控制器是控制系统的“心脏”,它由微处理机、信息传输单元、操作键盘和数据接收装置等组成。电液控制器有两方面的功能:一方面是按照操作指令和预定程序完成电磁阀组的启闭,进而控制支架立柱、千斤顶的动作;另一方面它又接收支架上测得的状态数据(包括压力、位移等)并加以分析判断,进而控制支架的动作,并显示出支架状态参数和支架故障。2) 电液控制阀组( FZ) 控制阀组是一种多用途的控制液压的电磁阀,可代替液体循环选择阀,这种阀组装有使支架动作的阀组和监视支架工作条件的压力开关,根据控制器指令开启或闭合阀门通道。3) 中心控制台(MCU) 系统是否采用MCU,要根据用户确定的工作面的自动化水平高低来决定。只安装电液控制器,甚至不需要安装地面中央控制室(MCU1)和井下控制室(MCU2) ,也可以实现全自动化。最低水平的控制系统是双向邻架单一控制,目前较常用的是“一控四”系统,然后扩展到自动排序、成组控制、成组推移及组合功能等,这些都不需要中心控制台。4) 外围辅助部件电液控制系统有能测量支架的状态, 并将液压参数转换为电子信号的原件压力传感器,反映推移千斤顶行程位置的接触传感器以及用来自动启动采煤机远程控制液压支架电液控制器的红外接收器等。所有的传感器都有各自的输出信号,从而可以找出线路中断的位置,并被每一台支架的电液控制器所鉴别。如果系统在井下工作面或地面控制室配有中心控制台,发生故障的电缆线路或传感器会在主控台屏幕上显示出来,这样就很容易确定故障位置。5 电液控制支架的优点该支架与手动控制系统相比有以下优点架移动速度快。目前国内液压支架普遍采用手动控制,其推移速度除受系统流量和液压元件过流能力的限制外,工人在架间的移动速度也对其有直接的影响,这种影响在薄煤层中显得尤为突出。电液控制支架工作过程可自动循环进行,加快了移架速度(810 s) ,此速度能跟上131131315m /min的采煤机速度,单台泵流量400 L /min,需要2台泵同时工作。满足了大功率采煤机快速切割。2）改善了顶板支护条件。由于每使用一个按钮操作,可以使支架能紧跟在采煤机之后进行支护,而且,要动作的支架要求其两侧的支架紧固支护顶板,这一特征与正确的支撑相结合,保证沿工作面形成一个坚固的支护带。3）保证液压支架额定初撑力。电液控制系统可通过压力传感器反馈信号或延长控制电磁先导阀的供电时间实现支架初撑力自保。保证额定初撑力,减少了立柱的增阻所需时间,提高了支护效率,且全工作面支架初撑力均匀一致,改善了顶板控制。4）可带压移架。采用电液控制系统,在移架过程中,易于实现带压移架,减少了工作面顶板对液压支架产生频繁的冲击载荷,保护顶板围岩的稳定,延长液压支架的使用寿命。5）改善了工作面的直线性。与手动操作相比,绝大多数电液控制支架都是推进式的,这就意味着输送机的拉回现象较少,以最大的位移量使所有支架紧靠在工作面输送机的铠装电缆一侧,保持一个较直的工作面。移架步距准确,切顶线整齐,改善了支护效果,并且使刮板输送机和整个工作面直线性好,采煤机截深准确。改善了刮板输送机和采煤机的工况。另外多架同时推溜,使刮板输送机缓慢弯曲,避免溜槽连接处产生过大的应力。6）改善了支架操作工的工作条件。电液控制技术的应用,实现了液压支架的遥控操作,可远距离操作,工人劳动条件和劳动强度得到极大改善,由于采用计算机自动控制,减少了工人的误操作。7）操作灵活性大。支护系统的支架操作程序很容易改变,可以根据不同的开采条件,特别适用于薄煤层和急倾斜煤层,既可以用于滚筒采煤机工作面,又可以用于刨煤机工作面;既可以用于及时支护(先移架后推溜)的支护方式,又可以用于滞后支护(先推溜后移架)的支护方式。8）系统能实现远程程序控制。操作人员可根据采煤机的割煤方向选择最佳位置,避免了操作人员的伤亡事故,同时也降低了粉尘对身体的危害。9） 电液控制系统可与采煤机和刮板输送机的自动控制系统配合联动,实现全自动化综采工作面。支架与采煤机的运行状态和数据可以传输到巷道中主控制台和地面中央控制中心,便于实现整个矿井的自动化管理。 以上资料来源于ElsevierScienceDirect 期刊附录 BThe survey of hydraulic support and study on electrohydraulic control technology1 hydraulic pressure supports developmentThe hydraulic pressure support is take the high-pressured liquid as a power, by certain hydraulic pressure part (cylinder, pipe accessory) one kind of strut and the control roof mining coal working surface equipment which becomes with some steel work combinations. Has the intensity high, the travelling speed quick, support the performance good, safe is reliable and so on the characteristic. Since the 20th century 50s, the hydraulic pressure support has gradually become the mining coal working surface core equipment, in the world mainly produced the coal country to invest the massive manpower physical resource and the financial resource carries on the research development to it. At present, support tends to take the hydraulic pressure support as the main body maturely, in the world has produced makes several hundred kind of frames and the up to ten thousand kind of models hydraulic pressure support, meets each kind of coal bed mining support need. On the century 60s, our country once has also developed 10 kind of hydraulic pressure supports, because all sorts of reasons have not obtained the promoted application, the hydraulic pressure support is in the development, the experimental stage; The 70s successively from England, Germany, Poland, former Soviet Union and so on mainly produce the coal country to introduce several 10 sets of hydraulic pressure supports. After the unceasing exploration, the use, the digestion and the summary, make each kind of type the support, it is the beginning which the domestically produced hydraulic pressure support develops; The 80s hydraulic pressure support research and development is in the innovation to enhance the stage, develops 30 kind of new frames one after another, makes the ZZ series, the XY series, the ZD series and so on the different specification, and widely uses in the state-owned large and middle scale coal mines, obtains the good economic efficiency; 90s special hydraulic pressure support development obtains the rapid development, the mechanized shop net support, the water granulated substance fills the support, the reason support, the force support, puts goes against the coal support and so on to be published one after another; This century along with the computer technology, the automated technology popularization and the application, the hydraulic pressure support control obtains unprecedentedness to progress, gradually to the procedure control, the numerical control, the remote control and the automated control makes great strides forward.2 domestic and foreign hydraulic pressure supports differenceThe domestically produced support in the manufacture technology, the material quality performance, the processing craft, the control system and in the sealing property compares with the overseas advanced countries has the very big disparity.2.1 processings manufactures aspectAccording to the related synthesis picks the engineers and technicians to reflect that, the domestically produced hydraulic pressure support craft technology, the service life, the operational performance, use the material quality so far not yet to achieve in 1979 introduced 100 sets of supports the technical levels. If structural material: Germany uses the ST52 material it yield strength is 500 MPa, but our country uses 16 Mn material yield strength is only 350 MPa; Valve class: Overseas always uses the copper alloy valve shell and the high strength stainless steel valve core, our country is the 45# steel adds surface heat processing; In processing craft: The overseas cylinder endophragm is duplicate plates, the domestic product for does not plate, causes the column premature to appear the spot in the use process, scratches and so on the seal leaks the fluid phenomenon, affects support the effect. The domestically produced hydraulic pressure support and the overseas production hydraulic pressure support compares the average to reduce 2 3 a service life.2.2 control systems aspectThe domestically produced hydraulic pressure support control system research and development is at backwardness condition, seriously restricted the support to move supposes the speed the enhancement and the synthesis picks the economic efficiency the display. In the world several mainly produce the coal great nation throughout to enhance the support control system achievement the synthesis to pick the economic efficiency the important method, the 20th century 60s use manually straight control the operating system; The 70s use the forerunner control system, along with it England first proposed the development electrohydraulic control system, the eightys tends to maturely; The 90s ladders company develops the entire working surface electrohydraulic control system, follows closely after that Wister to cut down the advantage Asia - shell Switzerland special company to develop more advanced P - M3, P - the M4 electrohydraulic control system. Presently country and so on US, Germany, England, Australia basically all is the programmable electrohydraulic control, but our country still used the hand control system.2.3 hydraulic pressure parts aspectThe hydraulic pressure part research and development speed lags by far to the hydraulic pressure support need to develop. The hydraulic pressure support reliability mainly relies on the hydraulic pressure part reliability, the hydraulic pressure support in the coal mine production applies whether succeeds, the key lies in the hydraulic pressure part the technical performance whether does meet the requirements. Overseas at present uses the great current capacity safety valve, the fluid much controls the cone-way valve, the cut-off valve, initially supports the strength maintenance valve and the column quickly returns at once the fluid valve. To the hydraulic pressure part structural style, the geometry size, the choice of material, the heat treatment method and the surface treatment and so on various aspects have conducted the thorough research and the development. Develops one batch of sealing property well, the sensitivity high, enters the row of fluid ability to be big, the anti- impact load strong each kind of hydraulic pressure part, adapts the hydraulic pressure support operating performance request. But our country kind of hydraulic pressure part research and development lags regarding this, at present still continued to use the century for 80s the product, has not formed the hydraulic pressure part universalization, the seriation, the standardization3 hydraulic pressure supports prospects for development forecastIn view of the fact that the science and technology high speed development, new technical, the new craft, the new method, the new material unceasing application and the computer technology unprecedented expansion, the hydraulic pressure support future development will have the extremely attractive prospect.3.1 designs ideas renewal, the hydraulic pressure support develops a revolutionMust consider the environment in the hydraulic pressure support design the attribute. Because the hydraulic pressure support working condition is bad, the person, machine the environment reciprocity question appears importantly. The green design is the choice of material, the product structure, the technique, the outward appearance modelling and the color matches according to the certain rule, adopts artistic the method to perform ingeniously to fuse, fully manifests the man-machine environment system the harmonious unification. The unwieldy hydraulic pressure support image safe, reliable, is been easy to service, lowly to consume energy, the high efficiency, the modelling artistic substitutes. This kind of green design, it not only Filters the environment and the resources both must meet the economical development needs, and must meet the human survival development needs, is the humanity sustainable developmental strategy in support design manifesting. For example: The hydraulic pressure support uses the multi- goals fuzzy design in the design process, requests to support the strength in a big way, moves a speed quickly, weight light, the timber wood are few and so on, each goal determined a function, namely many designs objective function, then the combination optimizes, determination preferred plan.3.2 will adopt the pure water hydraulic pressure technology, the hydraulic pressure support becomes the green machineryThe pure water hydraulic pressure technology is the hydraulic pressure domain development front. It not only has good anti- burns the nature, the radiation, moreover the price also cheaply, does not have the pollution, since the long-time hydraulic pressure support in Surface under has worked, because the use actuating medium is the emulsion, and has many chemical additives (emulsifier, guards against rust medicinal preparation, antiseptic, partner mixture and so on), the micro environmental pollution is extremely serious to the surface below, therefore, the hydraulic pressure support use pure water hydraulic pressure technology, to reduces the coal mine the production cost, protects the environment is beneficial, and may greatly improve the mine pit the work and the security condition. Unceasingly progresses along with the society, the people had a higher request to the dependent survival environment, hoped has a security, the environmental protection, the highly civilized green environment. The time request summoned the hydraulic pressure transmission (to origin in 1605 discovered the Pascals law) this ancient brand-new technology resurfaced, and received the world the attention. At present, the western nation concentrates the strength to study this technology, and makes the unprecedented progress. For example: The lubrication attrition question, reasonably selects rubs the vice- material, has the engineering plastics, the structure ceramics, the high polymer material, guards against rust anticorrosion coating and so on. The structure ceramics have the resistance to wear, the anti- cavitation performance is good, the good chemical stability, characteristic and so on lower friction factor, prepares is favoured. Replaces the partial metals material in the hydraulic pressure part with the structure ceramics, big improvement its performance. In brief, the new material success develops and applies, precisely processes technical the unceasing progress, as well as each kind of new structure hydraulic pressure part making, all will become the hydraulic pressure support to use the pure water hydraulic pressure technology to enter the strict non- pollution domain, will provide the extremely attractive application prospects for development.3.3 high tech applications, the hydraulic pressure support tends to the intellectualizationThe advanced science and technology application is mutually seeps each kind of technology, mutually unifies in the foundation mutually assists, mutually promotes and the enhancement, fully uses each kind of related technical the superiority, enhances strong points and avoid weaknesses, after causes the combination the overall function to be bigger than the composition whole sum of each part of function comprehensive interdisciplinary studies. The many kinds of technologies unceasingly seep to the mechanical parent substance - hydraulic pressure support, including technical and so on machine, electricity, fluid, light, magnetism servosystem. Specifically said that, is the strength, the speed which outputs by the hydraulic pressure support are a goal, constituted from has output to the input closed-loop system, was involves sensing the technology, the computer control technology, the signal processing technology, the mechanical drive technology, the hydraulic transmission technology and so on. Because fast operating speed, formidable memory function and keen logical judgement function, thus has realized the man-machine dialogue, causes it operation maintenance conveniently, the entire machine function to be strong. The hydraulic pressure support application function unceasingly expands, unceasingly strengthens to the mine pit coal bed geology condition compatibility, production benefit to equipment dependent degree increasingly big, the operational reliability is more important. The breakdown diagnosis technology (including signal examination, breakdown judgement, failure detection, content and so on faul