《医学英文写作》PPT课件.ppt

医学论文摘要写作AbstractwritingofmedicalEnglish Outline MajorTermandExpressionByShirleyYoung FLS Medicalwriting Medicalwritingistheactivityofproducingscientificdocumentationbyaspecializedwriter Themedicalwritertypicallyisnotoneofthescientistsordoctorswhoperformedtheresearch Amedicalwriter workingwithdoctors scientists andothersubjectmatterexperts createsdocumentsthateffectivelyandclearlydescriberesearchresults productuse andothermedicalinformation Themedicalwriteralsomakessurethedocumentscomplywithregulatory journal orotherguidelinesintermsofcontent formatandstructure Medicalwritingasafunctionbecameestablishedinthepharmaceuticalworldbecausetheindustryrecognizeditrequiresspecialskilltoproducewell structureddocumentsthatpresentinformationclearlyandconcisely Agrowingnumberofnewdrugsgothroughtheincreasinglycomplexprocessofclinicaltrialsandregulatoryproceduresthatleadtomarketapproval Thisdrivesademandforwellwritten standards compliantdocumentsthatscienceprofessionalscanreadandunderstandeasilyandquickly Abstract Anabstractisasuccinct oneparagraph summaryoftheentirepaper Theabstractshouldbrieflydescribethequestionposedinthepaper themethodsusedtoanswerthisquestiontheresultsobtained andtheconclusions Itshouldbepossibletodeterminethemajorpointsofapaperbyreadingtheabstract Althoughitislocatedatthebeginningofthepaper itiseasiesttowritetheabstractafterthepaperiscompleted Abstractsareanadvertisementfortheresearchdescribedandtheycanhaveamajorimpactonsuccessfulpublication Readtheoriginaldocument research identifythekeycontentfortheabstract Normally anabstractisasummaryofapieceofscientificmedicalresearch Itdescribesthereasonfortheresearch themethodsused thekeyresultsandtheirimplications Itisnotanoverestimationtojudgethescientificabstractas themostimportantpartofamanuscriptordocument becauseitisreadbymanymorepeoplethantheentirearticleitself anditfrequentlyservesasareader sonlyexposuretotheworkbeingdescribed Formanuscriptssubmittedtoscientificjournals afirstreviewoftheabstractcouldbecrucialindeterminingwhetherpapersaresentoutforpeerreview Forworksubmittedtoascientificcongress theabstractmaydeterminewhetherapersonisinvitedtogiveaposterororalpresentation Thereforeabstractwritingisanimportantskillformedicalwriterstoacquire Consultanyabstractguidelines specifications Instructions to authorsforscientificjournalsusuallycontainsomeguidanceforabstractpreparation Conferencesalsoprovidetheirownspecificationsforabstracts andabstractsthatdonotcomplywiththeseguidelines specificationsarenormallyrejected Beforewriting youshouldconsultanyavailableguidelinesandpossiblyreviewpreviouslypublishedabstractsinthesamejournalorpublicationinorderto getafeel foroverallstyleandcontent Manyjournalsrequireabstractstohaveastructuredcontent basedonthefullmanuscript i e Background orObjectives Methods Results Conclusions andthereisnormallyalimitedwordcount forexampleamaximumof200words Background Objectives Theopeningsentencesoftheabstract theBackground Objectives shouldideallydescribethereasonsforthestudy whytheresearchwasperformed thehypothesisorresearchquestiontobeanswered andindicateitspotentialimportance Thisisthescenesetter highlightingwhatisnovelabouttheresearchconducted Thesesentencescannormallybetakendirectlyfromtheintroductionofthecompletedmanuscriptwithlittleornoalteration Forexample DrugXisanovelreceptorblockerwhichhasshownpromiseasatreatmentforhighbloodpressure BP Insmallscale explorativestudiessignificantreductionsinBPhavebeenobserved withlittleornosideeffects WehaveinvestigatedtheBPloweringeffectsofdrugXinalargepatientpopulation Methods Thisshouldbefollowedbyabriefdescriptionofthestudymethods Methods Describewhetherthestudywasconductedinanimals volunteers orpatients ifitwasacontrolled randomisedtrial alongwithbriefdescriptionsofthetestproduct treatmentregimen includingdosesgivenifapplicable anyinterventions endpoints primaryorsecondary equipment testsusedandanykeystatisticalproceduresused Forexample Thiswasadouble blind randomisedclinicaltrialperformedin240patientsnewlydiagnosedwithmildtomoderateessentialhypertension exposedtoeitherplacebo 10mgor20mgofdrugXperdayfor6weeks DailyBPassessmentsweremadeandtheprimaryendpointwasthepercentageofrespondersatweek6definedasaBPgoalof 140 90mmHg Secondaryendpointswere Youshouldonlyexpandthe Methods sectionifnovelorunusualprocedureswereusedorifadditionalinformationiscrucialtotheinterpretationofdata Giventhelimitationsonwordcountitmaynotbepossibletoincludeallmethodologicaldescriptions inthiscaseitshouldbesufficienttobrieflymentionthosemethodsthatprovidethekeyresults Results Thekeyresultsshouldfollow Results givingthemainfindingsoftheresearch includingresultsforanydescribedprimaryorsecondaryendpoints Itisbesttogivethenumberofobservationsforeachresult i e thenumberofpatientssupplyingdataforanyprimaryorsecondaryendpoints Theresultsofstatisticaltestsshouldbedescribed aswellasanykeysafetyortoxicologicalfindings Donotpresentresultsifthemethodforobtainingthemwasnotdescribedinthe Methods section Forexample ThepercentageofBPrespondersatweek6was5 4of80patients 55 44of80patients and85 68of80patients withplacebo 10mg p 0 001 or20mgofdrugX p 0 001 Forthesecondaryendpoints Provideresults BothdosesofdrugXwerewelltolerated andtheadverseeventsreportedweresimilartoplacebo conclusion Lastly oneortwosentencesshouldpresenttheconclusionsofthestudy Youshouldavoidrepeatingthetitleofthedocumentintheconclusions andtheabstractconclusionsshouldmatchtheconclusionsofthefullmanuscript document Ifpossible theconclusionsshoulddisclosehowtheresearchadvancescurrentscientificknowledgeormedicaltreatment Forexample DrugXappearstobeaneffectivetreatmentforhighBPanditislikelytomakeasignificantcontributiontotreatingthiscondition FurtherstudiesarerequiredcomparingDrugXwithotherBPloweringmedication Whenwritingtheabstract itisimportantthatyoukeepitsimple withclearandconcisesentences Readabilityisveryimportantandyoushouldavoidusingjargonthatisnotwidelyunderstood Alsoconsideryourtargetaudience rememberabstracts sell yourmanuscripttothereader encouragingthemtolookatthewholemanuscript Trytoavoidusingexcessiveabbreviationstocutthewordcount asthisdoesnotimprovereadability Forconferenceabstracts youcanmaketheabstractmoreappealingbyusingvisualaidssuchasgraphs tables andphotographs Keyreferencescanbeincludedinconferenceabstractsbutmustbeavoidedinmanuscriptabstracts Asarule thebackground methods andresultssectionsarewritteninthepasttense whereasconclusionsarewritteninthepresenttense Itisalsousefultokeepkeysearchabletermsinmindwhenyouarewritingtheabstract Keywordsarevitalforthecorrectindexingoftheabstractandforitsretrievalbyreadersusingelectronicinformationretrievalsystems Thisisveryimportantifyouwantyourresearchreadbythecorrectaudience Alsoabstractsshouldbestand alonedocuments manymanuscriptabstractsareviewed publishedindependentlyofthemanuscriptarticleandtheyshouldalsoallowforsomeonebrowsingthroughadatabaseofabstractstodeterminetherelevanceofthemanuscriptarticleanditskeyfindings Checktheabstractcarefully Aswellascheckingyourabstractforadherencetowordcountsandguidelines youneedtocheckreadability spelling punctuation andgrammar Youshouldremoveanyunnecessaryinformation asitdoesnotmatteriftheabstractisshorterthanthemaximumwordcount Lastly checktheabstractagainsttheoriginaldocumentforcorrectness Makesurethatanyresultsreportedintheabstractareidenticaltothoseinthemanuscript andthatthewordingmatchesbetweentheabstractandthemanuscript document UsetheScientificAbstractChecklisttoassistyourcompletionofthetask ScientificAbstractChecklist AbstractclearlyorganizedintoIntroduction Methods Results andConclusion Theconclusionsaresupportedbydatapresentedintheabstract Completedabstractmeetswordlimitrequirementsorfitsintoformattingbox Abstractprintedwithcorrectfontsizeandstyle ifstipulated Abstracthasbeenreviewedbyothersforcontent style grammar andspelling M M Morbidityandmortality Intentiontotreatanalysis意向处理分析 Inepidemiology anintentiontotreat ITT analysis sometimesalsocalledIntenttoTreat isananalysisbasedontheinitialtreatmentintent notonthetreatmenteventuallyadministered ITTanalysisisintendedtoavoidvariousmisleadingartifactsthatcanariseininterventionresearch Forexample ifpeoplewhohaveamorerefractoryorseriousproblemtendtodropoutatahigherrate evenacompletelyineffectivetreatmentmayappeartobeprovidingbenefitsifonemerelycomparestheconditionbeforeandafterthetreatmentforonlythosewhofinishthetreatment ignoringthosewhowereenrolledoriginally buthavesincebeenexcludedordroppedout ForthepurposesofITTanalysis everyonewhobeginsthetreatmentisconsideredtobepartofthetrial whethertheyfinishitornot 意向处理或治疗 Intention to Treat ITT 分析是随机对照试验设计 实施和分析过程中的一种策略 即不论在试验中实际发生什么情况 如发生受试者在随机分组后 1 因死亡或退出实际未开始治疗 2 被发现不符合纳入标准 3 中途退出治疗或未依从分配的治疗方案 4 失访等 均按最初分组 治疗组或对照组 情况进行结果分析 以保证对所有参加随机分组的病人均进行了分析 意向处理分析是近年来临床试验中提倡使用的方法 主要有两个目的 1 保证真正达到随机分组的目的 即治疗组和对照组除随机误差之外 其基线情况相同 具有可比性 因为当受试者不管由于上述四种情况那一种被排除 各组余下的受试者就不是随机分配的结果 除非受试者的排除是随机的 而这种情况实际上不存在 2 真实地反映干预措施在临床实际中的效果 因为在临床试验中受试者 不管何种原因 出现的终止或改变治疗方案的情况在临床实际中亦可能会出现 如果临床试验的结果建立在排除这些受试者的基础上 干预措施在临床实际中的疗效将会被高估或低估 真实性降低 因此意向处理分析最适合于证实临床实际效果的实效性临床试验 pragmatictrial 而不是探索理想条件下理论效果的探索性临床试验 explanatorytrial endpoint endpointanalysisprimaryendpoint Themainresultthatismeasuredattheendofastudytoseeifagiventreatmentworked e g thenumberofdeathsorthedifferenceinsurvivalbetweenthetreatmentgroupandthecontrolgroup Whattheprimaryendpointwillbeisdecidedbeforethestudybegins Primary and Secondary PrimaryEndpointsTheseendpointsdefinethediseaseinthesensethatanexperimentaldrugthatdoesnotshowsuperiorityoverplaceboforalloftheseendpointsisnotaviabletreatmentforthediseaseunderstudySecondaryEndpointsTheseendpoints althoughnotconsideredprimary areconsideredimportanttoprescribingphysiciansinhelpingtoidentifytheidealtreatmentforeachoftheirpatients Secondaryendpointscannotbevalidlyanalyzediftheprimaryendpointdoesnotdemonstrateclearstatisticalsignificanc Objectivesvs Endpoints Objective Theintentionofthestudy general Theconclusion hypothesis youwishtoreach specific Maybeprimary secondary tertiaryEndpoints ThesetofmeasurementsusedtoaddressobjectivesMayhaveone onemapping henceprimary secondary tertiaryMaymeetmultipleobjectives confidenceinterval initiateditsPhase3clinicalprogramtoevaluateMAP0004asapotentialmigrainetreatment Therandomized double blind placebo controlledtrialwasdesignedtoevaluatetheefficacyandsafetyofMAP0004intreatingacutemigraine Theprimaryefficacyendpointswaspainrelief anddiminishednausea photophobia andphonophobiaasmeasuredattwohoursafterdosing 1 摘要的类型 categoryofAbstract 1 1评论性摘要 Criticalabstract 1 2说明性摘要 Descriptiveabstract 1 3资料性 报道性 摘要 Informativeabstract 1 4资料 指示性摘要 Informative indicativeabstract 1 5结构式摘要 Structuredabstract 1 1评论性摘要不常用 可见于综述 内容上侧重于评价 论理 ABSTRACT Acutetubulointerstitial小管间质性nephritis ATIN isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesispathophysiology diagnosis differentialdiagnosisandtherapy emphasizingthedrug inducedformofATIN 1 2说明性摘要又称指示性或通报性摘要 Indicativeabstract 说明文章的内容范围 只是简单地报道研究主题 泛泛而谈 不涉及具体内容 一般只一到三句话 多见于临床医学论文 ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableangina不稳定心绞痛treatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared 1 3资料性摘要 详细 具体 重要观点和数据Postoperativebleedingisusuallyattributedtostressulcer however occultpreoperativelesionscouldalsoberesponsible 背景 Todeterminetheirfrequencyandnature weprospectivelyexamined72patients 目的 endoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations Entrycriteria 入围标准 includedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit 2days andanegativehistory physicalexamination andstoolguaiac 愈伤木脂 一种检便潜血试剂 Gastricandduodenalmucosaewerescoredseparately usinga0 to7 pointscale Scoresweregradednegative 0 hyperemia 1 gastroduodenitis 2 5 mucosalerosions 6 andulcers 7 方法 Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14 ofpatientsandgastroduodenitisisanadditional10 Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactorsoranycombinationoffactorstestedcorrelatedwithulcers erosoins orgastroduodenitis 结果 Thus patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenalerosionsorulcerationscouldnotbeidentifiedpreoperatively exceptbyendoscopy 结论 Untilthesignificanceoftheselesionsascauseofpostoperativebleedingisdetermined werecommendedroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations 建议 1 4资料 指示性摘要 内容更完整 多了一条提示Therelationshipbetweendepression 抑郁症 andstressors 应激 andtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated 概括或提示性语言 相当于目的 Depressedchildrenaged7 11years n 20 werecomparedwithclinicalnon depressedchildren n 88 andnormalchildren n 55 Children mothersandfathersinthethreegroupsweretested MeasuresincludedtheChildren sDepressionInventory 调查表 RecentLifeEventsScale 量表 StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory Thefindingsshowedthatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgroupreportedmorestressorsthanotherchildrenandothermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnotreportmorestressors Thefindingsalsoshowedthatmothersofdepressedchildrenweremoredepressedthanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups 此摘要不便用结构式表达 1 5结构式摘要 structuredabstract 近年来产生和发展起来的一种新型摘要 优点 内容完整 从目的 设计到结果 结论 一应俱全 形式特别 层次清楚 一目了然 便于阅读时选择性查找 提供了固定的格式 便于作者书写 免于费时构思 易于成文稿 也不致遗漏重要内容 另外 也利于计算机系统的贮存和检索 缺点是文字多 占篇幅 BACKGROUND Hypothyroidismisacommonconditionthatisfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy OBJECTIVE ToassesstheincidenceandfactorsthatcanpredictreversibilityofhypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto sthyroiditis METHODS Westudied79patientsinwhomHashimoto sthyroiditiswasdiagnosedaccordingtosuggestivecytologicalfeaturesand orthepresenceofthyroidantibodies antimicrosomalantibodytiter or 1 1600 antiglobulinantibodytiter or 1 400 RESULTS Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients remainedunchangedin40 andimprovedin19 Ninepatients 11 4 didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest CONCLUSIONS OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto sthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission 2 结构式英文摘要写作 一 要求 1 短小精悍用150 400个英文单词对原文进行浓缩 2 内容完整全面反映原文内容 包括研究目的 方法 结果和结论 3 用第三人称语气 尽可能采用专业术语 二 格式 Abstract Objective Aim Methods Results Conclusion 2 1Objectives 目的 说明研究的目的或所阐述的问题 英文常用动词不定式 To 动词原形 开头 Tostudy Toobtain Toinvestigate Toexplore Toobserve Toanalyse Toevaluate Toexamine Toelucidate 阐明 Todetermine Toconfirm Toascertain确定 Todetect Todescribe Toreport Tocompare Tojudge Toestablish Tounderstand Toprovide Toclarify Toknow 等等 2 2Methods 方法 对研究的基本设计加以描述 包括分组情况 诊断标准及随访时间 研究对象的数量及特征 治疗手段包括使用方法及作用时间等 英文常用完整的被动或主动结构句子 动词用过去时态 常用表达方式有 techniquewasusedtodetect wereselectedasexperimentgroups wereinthecontrolgroups methodswereusedtodetect weredeterminedbyPCRin Arandomized doubleblind双盲法 placebocontrolledtrial对照试验wasperformed Acasecontrolstudy病例对照研究 Aprospectiveclinicalstudy Weretrospectivelyanalyzed Westudied 等等 2 3Results 结果 为摘要的重点部分 提供研究所得出的主要结果 列出重要数据 提出新方法与经典方法比较而表现出的优缺点 并说明其可信度及准确性的统计学程度 英文要用完整的句子 谓语动词用过去时态 研究所得数据如百分数 血压等数据采用临床病例书写形式 常用英文表达方式 was were wefound Therewas wassignificantlydifferentamong theresultdidnotshowany showsignificantdifference 等等 2 4Conclusions 结论 把研究的主要结论用一两句话简明表达 结论应当由直接依据避免推测和过于笼统 英语用完整的句子来表达 时态用一般现在时或现在完成时 常用的表达方式有 isprobably Ourconclusionisthat Thisstudyshowsthat Thisstudysuggeststhat Thisstudyconfirmsthat Theseobservationsupport 3 Majortermsandexpressionpatterns 3 1Majorterms structuresforObjectives 目的 3 2sentencepatternforMethods 方法 3 3sentencepatternforResults 结果 3 4sentencepatternforConclusions 结论 3 1Majorterms structuresforObjectives 目的 3 1 1theusageofmajortermstoindicateObjectivesNoun aimAnoun 目的Theaimofthisinvestigation study thepresentstudywasto Ouraimistodeterminewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect 增强收缩力作用 canbedemonstratedinhumans establishanobjective easy to usetechniquetoevaluate Theaimsofthisstudywere 1 to and2 to Bverb 目的是 旨在a 主动态后接动词不定式Thisstudyaimedto Weaimedto Thisstudyaimsto b 主动态后接介词at 动名词Thisresearchaimedatidentifying c 被动态后接介词at 动名词Thisstudywasaimedatdocument ing Attempt尝试ANoun Anattemptwasmadeto Anattempthasbeenmadeto Anattemptwasundertakento Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat Forthisreason anattemptwasundertakenfor 尝试干 Inanattempttoextendthisfinding threeexperimentswereconducted Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction weexamined Bverb 试图Inthisstudyweattemptto Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree Goal目的 目标 Amajorgoalispreventionofacceleration inducedlossofcon sciousness Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto Goal一词的含义 用法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样 例句从略 Intent意图 目的Theintentofthestudywasto 相对其他词而言 不太常用于文摘中目的句场合 Itisourintent目的toprovideabriefuser sexplanationofthesevariouscomponentsandpresentthecommonlyusedmethods ObjectiveTheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluate 在结构式摘要里常用作标题或项目词 ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion s Intend想要 旨在 人作主语用主动态 事物作主语用被动态 Inthisstudy weintendedtotestthehypothesisthat Thisreport paperisintendedto Inbriefthearticleisintendedto Thisthree groupdesign Thisstudywasintendedto Itisintendedtoremindthereader PurposePurpose的用法同aim 如 Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheinfluenceofsinteringtemperatureoninvivoandinvitrobioactivitiesofsinteredtricalciumphosphate TCP sheetspreparedbythetapecastingtechnique 但在forthepurpose of 这一固定结构中 一般不用aim替换其中的purpose 如 isdescribedforthepurposeof 2 verb oftenpassivephase被动态 Carryout执行 实行 进行Theretrospectivestudy Anexperimentalstudy Aninvestigationwascarriedouttoevaluate Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine Conduct引导 实施 进行A study survey Anexperimentwasconductedtoestablish investigate Perform做 进行 施行 执行Thisstudywasperformedtodetermine Thisanalysiswasperformedtoexamine Undertake从事 着手做Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis Design设计Thisstudy Thepresentstudy Ourstudywasdesignedto Wealsodesignedaninvitro在试管内studyto Develop研制 创立 建立 establish method s was were developedto 动词不定