初中英语语法 (2).doc

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。1、表示与现在事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：1If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+had done主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have doneIf he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句： if+主语+were to do （if 表示未来的虚拟语气独有形式，其他如wish，even if等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气） if+主语+should do if+主语+过去式（be动词用were）主句：主语+should/would/might/could+do1If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）2If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）3If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without，but for（要不是因为.）等But for his help, we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。表示“坚持” “命令” “建议” “要求” “提议”“投票” “敦促” “希望”“打算”后的宾语从句主要是指insist, order, command, advise, suggest, propose, recommend, ask, demand, require, request, urge, desire, intend的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建议我们现在就吃午饭。What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。He requires that I