初三英语资料总复习之宾语从句和定语从句.doc

初三英语总复习资料宾语从句定义：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 一、宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. He told me that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? I dont know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的手机了吗? 连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. He didnt tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 二、动词的宾语从句 大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有: make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. 三、形容词的宾语从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. 四、只用whether的情况1.whether to do sth2.whether or not 3. whether 引导的句子作主语4. whether 跟在doubt/discuss/wonder等后5.whether 做介词的宾语五、宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 1.主从句之间有插入语时，如：It says here, on this card, that it was used in plays.卡片上写着，它过去是演戏用的。2. 从句的主语是that时。如： He thinks that that is a washing machine. 他认为那是一台洗衣机。3. 若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句时，且由并列连词连接时，只有第一个引导词that可以省略，其余需保留。 My aunt says (that) she will come and that she will also bring her daughter. 我的姑姑说她要来，还带她的女儿。六、宾语从句的否定转移 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是? 七、宾语从句的时态和语序 时态： 1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读. He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary. The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 3.从句的时态不由主句决定。当表达a.宇宙、自然界的规律活动或事实真理时 Our teacher said lights travels faster than sound.我们老师说光传播的比声音快。b.类似于1+1=2这样的固定法则时I learned that three minus one is two.我知道了3-1=2.c.没有时间概念的词义或句意，He asked me what this word means. 他问我这个单词是什么意思。d.当宾语从句表示一种反复出现或现在习惯性动作时。如：She told me that she gets up at six oclock every morning.她告诉我她每天早上六点起床。 He asked me when the train usually starts. 他问我火车通常什么时候发出。语序：1.宾语从句用陈述句语序，但当有whats the matter?/whats wrong?/whats the problem? which is the way to等时则不用变语序。2.当宾语从句由wh-疑问词引导，若有do you think等插入语时，则要用陈述句语序。 Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手. 练习：( ) 1. Its so dark. I cant find out _ its a boy _ a girl. A. if, and B. that, and C. either, or D. whether, or( ) 2. Could you tell me if he _ to Shanghai? A. has gone B. had gone C. went D. go( ) 3. He told me _ she would catch the early bus. A. which B. whether C. why D. that( ) 4. Mrs. Green asked me _ I would go with her. A. what B. which C. why D. that( ) 5. I dont know _ the coat _ cheap enough. A. if, is B. where,were C. that ,was D. if, were( ) 6. Can you tell me why _ yesterday? A. you didnt come B. did you not come C. didnt you come D. you dont come( ) 7. He said that they _ Yunnan. A. have been to B. had gone to C. have gone to D. has gone to( ) 8. Jack isnt sure _ students there are in his class. A. how many B. what C. which D. whether( ) 9. Can you tell me _ yesterday? A. what they do B. what they did C. what do they do D. what did they do( ) 10. I want to know _ his homework yesterday evening.A. if he finished B. whether he had finishedC. had she finished D. has she finished( ) 11. Do you know what _ this time yesterday?A. they are doing B. are they doing C. they were doing D. were they doing( ) 12. Excuse me, can you tell me _ ？ A. why was the train late B. why the train was late C. why is the train late D. why the train is late( ) 13. Do you know where _ ? Someone is looking for him. A. he is B. he was C. is he D. was he( ) 14. He wanted to know how long _ in hospital. A. she is staying B. she had stayed C. did she stay D. she stay( ) 15. My brother said he _ going _ his friend the next day. A. was, to meet B. would , has C. will , was going to D. will , will( ) 16. He told me that he _ to London the next day. A. would go B. go C. went D. has gone( ) 17. He said that light _ much faster than sound. A. traveled B. will travel C. travels D. is traveling( ) 18. Our teacher said that the moon _ around the earth. A. turn B. turned C. has turned D. turns( ) 19. He said that April _ the _ month of a year. A. is, third B. is, fourth C. was, fourth D. was, third( ) 20. Do you know _ ? A. is it whose pen B. whose pen is it C. whose pen it is D. it is whose pen( ) 21. Can you tell me _ ? A. who are you B. who you are C. you are who D. who you be( ) 22. Do you know _ of the three? A. which book she likes best B. which best book does she likeC. that which book she likes best D. which book she best likes( ) 23. I hear _ the teacher will come back from the UK soon. A. which B. that C. when D. whether( ) 24. Can you tell me _ language she speaks? A. which B. what C. that D. whether( ) 25. Can you tell us _ you grow cotton in your country? A. that B. whether C. which D. whose( ) 26. I dont understand _ you said. A. when B. that C. where D. what( ) 27. Do you know _ made him angry last time? A. when B. that C. where D. what( ) 28. Can you tell me _ the meeting will begin? A. what B. whether C. when D. where( ) 29. _ surprised me most was _ he didnt go to school yesterday. A. What, how B. What, that C. That, that D. Whom, that( ) 30. I wondered _ they had been to America. A. if B. what C. who D. that( ) 31. You will feel hungry _ you dont have breakfast. A. what B. why C. if D. how( ) 32. Do you know _ Jack left so early? A. what B. why C. until D. though( ) 33. You must do _ I told you. A. after B. before C. where D. as( ) 34. I am sure _ you said is true. A. what B. that C. which D. who( ) 35. It has not been decided _ they will leave. A. why B. when C. which D. what( ) 36. Go back _ you come from. A. until B. where C. when D. that( ) 37. Do you know _ she will go to the cinema with us? A. if B. where C. who D. which( ) 38. The children said _ they _ themselves very much. A. if, enjoy B. why,enjoyed C. where,enjoy D. that, enjoyed( ) 39. I dont think _ I _ out the problem. A. if, can work B. how, will work C. that, can work D. when, will work( ) 40. She is afraid _ he _ cold at night. A. that, will catch B. that, catches C. whether, will catch D. is, catches( ) 41. We are sure _ he _ to speak English well. A. that, learned B. that, has learned C. if, learned D. if, has learned( ) 42. The boy asked _ I _ any noise from outside. A. when, heard B. why, had learned C. whether, had heard D. what, heard( ) 43. Who can tell us _ . about over there? A. what they talk B. what do they talk C. what are they talking D. what they are talking( ) 44. We couldnt find out _ , so we asked a policeman. A. whose bike it was B. whose bike was it C. whose it was bike D. whose was it bike( ) 45. Do you know _ take to get to the hospital? A. which way must we B. which must we way C. which way we must D. which we must way( ) 46. Tom asked _ to school late. A. who did often come B. who often came C. why had she left D. why she had left( ) 47. I dont remember _ the boy by himself.A. why did she leave B. why she left C. why had she left D. why she had left( ) 48. Have you forgotten _ when he died? A. how old he was B. how old was he C. what did he say D. what he did say( ) 49. Nobody knows _ to visit our school. A. when will he come B. when does he come C. when he will come D. when he does come( ) 50. Please tell us _ to the Science Museum. A. how can we reach B. how we can reach C. how can we get D. how we can get( ) 51. Dont you believe _ to the moon by spaceship? A. that man did fly B. how did the man fly C. if man fly D. whether man fly( ) 52. The teacher told us _ . A. is the earth round B. the earth was round C. the earth is round D. was the earth round 定语从句（一）、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do. 上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分（二）、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (2) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?注：that 用法(1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 例：Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. (b) 先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时，只用that。例：All that is needed is a supply of oil. (c) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。例：This is the first book that was written by him. (d) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 例：There are many schools and teachers that we like to know. (e) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时。例：This is not house that it was ten years ago. (f) 为了避免重复例：Who that break the window should be punished (g)先行词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略。（三）、关系副词引导定语从句 关系副词 关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 2. when引导定语从句表示时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.注表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。 I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。 Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。 3. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 注：1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词有以下：who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。whom引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。whose引导的非限制性定语从句。whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。