动词的语气.doc

动词的语气虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下: 与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） 主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词 主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形， 主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在) 5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: (l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help) I couldnt have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成)6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了If you had wanted to)(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构，表示某事是重要、奇怪、自然、必要等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用had+过去分词。如: I wish (wished) I hadnt spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为would+动词原形。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去办公室。 (2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。 注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法在It is time (that) 句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是该干某事的时候了。如: Its (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。 虚拟语气的重点是： 1一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。 2虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。 3主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。 4含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。 上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。 下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。 一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型 1. 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 A用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 B用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. -“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” -“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he werent so lazy. 2. had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later. 3. would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如： Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 4. Its (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。 Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。 5. as, 或者whetheror谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. 6. 由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. 7. if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for： If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded. 8. 虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 9.其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等 If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. 二、特殊形式的虚拟语气 虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有： ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语） She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便) B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以forto do 来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this. C用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有： advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望 insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令 preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐 request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告 例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。 The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。 三、混合虚拟语气 有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。 If you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A. havent watched B. didnt watch C. hadnt watched D. wouldnt have watched 答案选C。 Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. 混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。 I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。 Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. 该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。 四、含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： 1. 介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. 2. 连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。 She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. (注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如： The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。 3.通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。 4.形容词及其比较级 A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes. A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job d