第七章 简单句.doc

第七章 简单句只包含一个主谓结构(一个主语+一个谓语)的句子称作简单句，是英文句子的基本形式。麻雀虽小，五脏俱全，简单句同样可以包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语、同位语等多种成分第一节 主谓结构考点一 一般主谓结构考法1. 主谓结构可谓是句子的核心与灵魂，完整的句子不能缺少主谓结构，即主语+谓语。2. 填空题中大量涉及句子的主谓结构，这不仅适用于简单句，并列句和复合句也是同样的道理，无论是并列分句、主句还是从句都需要主语和谓语。 解题的步骤: 要求首先确定句子的主谓结构，根据缺少的成分对选项进行排除和筛选例题：(1) Traditionally, -in New England on Thanksgiving Day.(A) when served is sweet cider(B) when sweet cider is served(C) is served sweet cider(D) sweet cider is served 答案：D 解释：此句只给出时间和地点状语, 需填入完整的主语和谓语作为句子的主干, A B 只有when引导的从句没有主句; C 上来就是is, 没有主语; D 由名词词组sweet cider和serve的被动式构成主谓语, 使原句成为一个简单句 (2) A historical novel may do more than mirror history; -future events.(A) even influencing(B) it may even influence(C) may even influence(D) that it may even influence 答案：B 解释：分号可以连接两个语义并列的完整句子, 此句需填入一个主谓结构, 从而使分号后的句子完整. A不能作谓语, 且缺主语; C缺主语; D 构成从句, 无法与分号前的句子并列 3. 主语多由名词充当，还可能是代词、动名词、不定式等如：He ran away. (此句中代词he是主语，ran away是谓语)有的题目选项中无明显的主谓结构，往往需要考虑there be句式，严格的讲there be是倒装句，但由于它是固定句式，可视为主谓结构如：There are a lot of monkeys in the zoo考点二 谓语动词 1. 主谓结构十分重要，谓语动词则是要点中的要点，国不可一日无君，句子不可缺少谓语动词。象祈使句可以没有主语，但却少不了谓语动词。 2. 一个句子当中可能出现多个动词形式，却未必而且往往不都是谓语动词，必须掌握确定谓语动词的方法，才能从容解题。 一般说来能够决定句子的时态、语态、语气的词就是谓语动词，如：studies, was known, is reading, has achieved, must be, can make等形式的动词肯定是谓语；单独的分词、不定式都属于非谓语形式，如：broken, ringing, to look after例句: Having thought for a while, she decided to forgive the man caught stealing her diamond.此句中有四个动词结构，但只有decided是谓语形式，其他分别为分词作状语（having thought）、不定式作宾语(to forgive)、分词作定语(caught stealing) 3. 谓语专一原则(1) 简单句中只允许存在一个谓语动词，其余动词必须是非谓语形式，如上面的例句。 英文中切忌：两个谓语形式的动词直接连接（尤其是be动词不能和实意动词连用，is do是绝不可能出现的），或以逗号连接(2) 确实需要多个谓语时需用连词, 或主从句形式加以连接（分号也可） 如: She looked and smiled.He will give you some advice; he may even help you do it.(3) 值得注意的是并列句中的每个分句及主从句中的每个简单句仍需遵循谓语专一原则。牢记这一原则才可准确地排除干扰选项，找出句中的致命错误 例题：(1) In a representative democracy, the people election delegates to an assembly.ABCD 答案：C应改为：elect. 解释：election是名词, 不能作谓语, 更不能带宾语delegates, 故改为动词elect. (2) Since 1971 the regional corporations set up in Alaska by Congress managing ABCeverything from fishing to banking. D 答案：C 应改为：have managed. 解释：分词managing不能单独作谓语, 句首的since提示应用现在完成时 (3) The edible tube mushroom -a cushionlike, moist cap that is light brown or darkish red.(A) which has(B) to have(C) having (D) has 答案：D 解释：此句已给出主语和由定语从句修饰的宾语，缺少谓语动词，只有D可单独作谓语 考点三 表语 系动词be作谓语时，与之搭配的部分被称作表语，表语多由形容词、名词担当，也可是介宾短语、不定式、分词或动名词等如：He is a doctor. Its fantastic. She was in hospital.以上句子中a doctor, fantastic, in hospital就是表语例题：(1) Quasars-emitting extremely intense radio waves and visible radiation.(A) starlike objects are(B) starlike, they are objects(C) are starlike objects(D) are they starlike objects 答案：C 解释：此句缺少谓语，C由系表结构组成，原句中的分词短语恰好作表语的定语。A B 与原句主语冲突，也不符合同位语的要求；D中they和starlike objects重复 (2) Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is -in various forms.(A) abundant(B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundant 答案：A解释：空格处需要is的表语，B不可数名词abundance之前不应加the；C少名词；D多代词it; A形容词，恰好作表语第二节 状语句子中除了主谓结构外，还可能包含表示时间、地点、方式等内容的状语，通常由副词、介宾短语来承当。如：At night, I dont go out very often., 此句中at night, very often都是状语 介宾短语作状语是填空题的重要考点，若空格处或空格所在部分之后是完整的主谓句，且两部分之间多以逗号隔开，若选项中无从句结构或分词，此时空格处需填入介宾短语作状语。 例题：(1) -irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. (A) Its (B) Where its (C) Since its (D) Because of its 答案：D 解释：此句主干完整, 主语是the use of phenol as a general antiseptic, 谓语是has been largely discontinued, 逗号之前应是状语. A构成名词短语, 与该句主语发生冲突; B、C欲构成从句, 但缺少从句的谓语动词; D恰好构成表示原因的状语, 短语because of 之后常接名词或动名词表原因, 如: He failed the exam because of his carelessness. (2) -a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.(A) Has been(B) It was while(C) She was(D) As 答案：D 解释：此句主干完整, 主语是sculptor, 谓语动词是showed, 之后是带有定语从句的宾语, 需填入状语. A、B、C 中的has been、was与showed相冲突, 违背谓语唯一原则. 介词词组As a child 相当于When she was a child. (3) .-, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A) Contrary to general belief(B) General belief contrary to(C) Belief contrary to general(D) Contrary belief general to 答案：A 解释：给出部分是完整的句子, 从选项中可见此处缺少状语, be contrary to是固定词组, 表示“与相反”, 介词to后需接宾语, 只有A符合上述条件 第三节 宾语1. 若谓语动词是及物的，那么及物动词后面一定要接宾语。宾语大部分由名词和代词的宾格充当，也可是动名词、不定式等如：He found a ladybird in his pencil-box. I dont want to disturb you. 2. 宾语补足语有相当一部分动词的宾语之后还需要补足语，宾语和补足语之间逻辑上是主谓关系，补足语可由名词、形容词、不定式等构成。如：He found it necessary. He asks me to help her. TOEFL集中考的是make及make possible：make的宾语之后多接形容词作补足语，如：makeclear, makepossible；也可接名词，如：makea man, makea doctormakepossible的重考率较高，值得单独讲解，其实弄清了make possible的用法，也就不难举一反三了。 牢记make possible的三种形式：1. make+名词+possible；His financial aid makes this trip possible. 2. make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）His financial aid makes possible the poor Chinese students entering of the world famous university. 3. make it possible (for sb.)to do (见形式宾语部分)The fathers hard labor makes it possible for the son to receive better education. 例题：(1) A microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle ABCrenditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.D 答案：C应改为：making possible解释：make possible已有名词宾语renditions, 无需用形式宾语it, 宾语因较长而置于possible之后 (2) The United States Congress made Washington, D.C., - in 1800.(A) after the government center(B) of the government center(C) the center of government(D) then the center of government 答案：C解释：空格处需要make的宾语Washington, D.C.的补足语，选项中只有C名词词组符合题意；D中的then是多余的第四节 同位语同位语一般接在名词或代词后，对其进行补充说明，结构上和之前的词并列，多是主语和宾语带有同位语，有时同位语为表示强调可提前到主语之前。同位语主要由名词充当如：Let me introduce Miss Green, my next-door neighbor. (逗号后是同位语)The famous American poet, Whitman, is best remembered for his collection entitled Leaves of Grass. (Whitman之前是同位语) 填空题中若除去空格部分是完整的主谓结构，且空格与句子其他部分之间用两个逗号完全隔开或用一个逗号隔开一边，则空格处需要填入同位语或定语例题：(1) From 1946 to 1949, -William Henry Hastie served as governor of the Virgin Islands.(A) the lawyer(B) he was the lawyer(C) the lawyer who(D) was the lawyer 答案：A 解释：给出部分主谓俱全，空白处只能是主语的修饰部分，A恰好构成同位语。B,D与原句主谓语冲突；C从句无谓语 (2) The skyscraper, -, is an architectural form that originated in the United States.(A) is a tall