第一讲 简单句.doc

慧学教育：Victory belongs to the most persevering. 坚持必将成功。 英语简单句的五种基本句型语境展示：1, I teach in a high school.2, I have been a teacher for ten years. 3, I teach English. 4, I am teaching you English. 5, I find teaching very interesting.自我归纳： 1，基本句型一：S十V主谓结构 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如：翻译：1，时光飞逝。2，你应当努力学习。3，在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。s(主语)vi.（不及物动词）其它1，2，3，2，基本句型二:S十V十P主系表结构这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类：A. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如：B. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。翻译：1，我们是中国人。 2，这本书是我的。 3，花闻起来香。 4，下课了。 5，这个小孩看起来向他爸爸。 6，我的朋友很兴奋。s(主语)lv.( 系动词）p（表）1，2，3，4，5，63，基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。翻译：1，我正在学英语。 2，他爱她。 3，海伦想去那儿。 4，那个小偷承认（admit）偷钱。 5，我相信你们可以学好外语。s (主）vt.（及物动词）（谓）o（宾）1，2，3，4，5，4，基本句型四: S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构，O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。翻译：1，我送他一本书。 2，妈妈给玛丽一个漂亮礼物。 3，我的爸爸给我买了一本故事书。s (主）vt.（谓）i.o.（间接 宾）d.o.（直接 宾）1，2，3，这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：A. 动词 直接宾语 for sb.B. 动词 直接宾语 to sb.1) Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 请把你的画给我看一下。2) Ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. =Ill offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you dont lose heart.只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。5，基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构这种句型中的宾语 补语可统称为“复合宾语”,1， 我们把我们的女儿起名叫玛丽。2， 他使我们的花园很漂亮。3， 她让一切井然有序。4， 我请求他帮我。5， 我抓住他考试作弊。6， 我看见他被警察抓住了。s (主）vt.（谓）o.（宾）o.c.（宾补）1，2，3，4，5，6，总结：句子的基本成分： 句子的附属成分： 句子成分详解一览表句子成分意义及位置充当词类例句主语The Subject表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前部。 、 、 、 。Two heads are better than one.We study in No. 17 middle school.To see is to believe.Entering a sport into the Olympics can be a long process.谓语The Predicate说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常在主语后（除疑问、倒装句外）。由 词或动词词组充当。Time tries all thing.(时间检验一切）Lucy is dancing under the tree.Her parents are both workers.宾语The Object表示动作、行为的对象。在及物动词或介词后。 、 、 、 、 。见上。表语The Predicate与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分、说明主语的性质、特征。常在系动词之后。 、 、 、 、 、 。 见上。定语The Attribute用来修饰名词或代词。单个词常在修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰的词之后。 、 、 、 、 、 。The red one is mine.Two heads are better than one.What is his name?A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患难见真情。）This is the house where we lived last year.状语The Attribute修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置较灵活。 、 、 、 。Our teacher works very hard.She often helps Mike.They had a meeting in Shanghai.Strike while the iron is hot. (趁热打铁。 )宾语补足语The Object Complement宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。在宾语后。 、 、 、 、 、 。见上。同位语The Appostive重复指代并进一步说明名词及名词性词语。在被修饰词后。名词、名词性短语They all work hard.John, a friend of hers, has gone.句子成分 学记口诀主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。 简单句，并列句和主从复合句语境展示：1，I teach English. 2，Tom and Mike are American boys.3，She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.简单句只有 个主语(或并列主语)和 个谓语(或并列谓语)。语境展示：1，You help him and he helps you. 2，Lets hurry, or we will be late.3，I have been to Beijing many times, but my parents have never been there.4，He was late for school, so he was called into his teachers office.5，The future is bright; the road is tortuous（曲折的）.并列句：由 词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把 个或两个以上的 句连在一起构成。并列句的常见连接词（1）、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor等连接。（2）、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。（3）、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 （4）、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 即学即用(1).I like beef, _my father doesnt like it.(2).Jack was late, _he will be to blame.(3).Open the door _let the cool air in.(4).You must work hard, _you will fall behind.(5).Take exercise very day, _you will become stronger and stronger.主从复合句：1、概念：主从复合句由一个 句和一个或一个以上的 句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。2、分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为 从句、 从句、 从句、 从句、 从句和 从句等即学即用判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1）. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2）. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3）. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4）. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5）. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 3,定语从句1,定语从句：在 句中，修饰某一 词或 词，用作 语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做 词。定语从句必须放在先行词之 。He is the boy who often goes to school late. 词 词 从句2，定语从句的引导词种类关系代词： ， ， ， ， （定语）注：在定语从句中作 语或作 语。关系副词： ， ， 。注：在定语从句中作 语 练：1) Do you know the man who I spoke to?Analysis：定语从句： 先行词： 引导词： ，在定语从句中作： 2) This is the hotel where they stayed last year.Analysis：定语从句： 先行词： 引导词： ，在定语从句中作： 3) This is one of the best films that have been shown this year.Analysis：定语从句： 先行词： 引导词： ，在定语从句中作： 4) I will never forget the day when I lived in the countryside.Analysis：定语从句： 先行词： 引导词： ，在定语从句中作： 5) The girl whose father is our head teacher works very hard.来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.KAnalysis：定语从句： 先行词： 引导词： ，在定语从句中作： 6) Can you tell me the reason why you were absent yesterday?Analysis：定语从句： 先行词： 引导词： ，在定语从句中作： 3，定语从句引导词的用法：1）关系代词语境展示：1，She is the old woman whom I saw this morning.2，Mary is the girl whose parents work in Japan.3，Is this the key which you are looking for?4，October 1, 1949 is the day when New China was founded.5，This is the house where the great man was born.6，I dont know the reason why she looks unhappy today.（1）who 指 ，在定语从句中作 语/ 语，不能省略。翻译：他父亲将是感到最不高兴的人。 （2） whom指 ，在定语从句中作 语翻译：你认识他们非常喜欢的张先生吗？ （3）whose 指 ，在定语从句中作 语翻译：他是我们班唯一一个爸爸是警察的学生。 （4）which指 ，在定语从句中作 语或 语。作主语时，指物可与that 互换；The book which（= ）cost me a lot of money is interesting.做宾语时可省略。This is the room（ ）I painted last week.（作宾语可省略）如果作介词宾语，且介词提前，则不能省略，也不能替换为that。This is the magazine we were talking about. =This is the magazine about we were talking. （5）that指物/人，在定语从句中作 语或 语。作主语时，指人可与 替换；指物可与 替换。做宾语时可以省略。The book that（= ）cost me a lot of money is interesting.The hero that（= ）saved me from the fire is a PLA man.The book（ ）I bought yesterday is well written.下列定语从句只能用that来引导：（1）. 先行词为形容词最高级所修饰This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen.（2）. 先行词为序数词所修饰I happened to be the thousandth guest that visited the great hotel.This is the first composition that he has ever written in English. (3). 先行词既包括人又包括物They talked of things and persons that happened in the school.He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(4). 主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句Who is the man that came this morning? Which is the bag that you lost?(5). 先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same所修饰 He is the very person that the police are looking for.This is the only thing that I can remember. (6). 先行词是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much, everybody等不定代词Tell us everything that you know, please.Is there anything that you dont understand?(7). 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰All that glitters is not gold.Ive read all the books that you gave me. 2）“介词+ 关系词”及关系副词when, where, why(1),如果先行词在定语从句里充当介词的宾语，在正式英语里，多数情况下要将介词前移到关系代词之前。如果先行词是物，此时关系代词用which；如果先行词是人，此时关系代词用whom。注：This is the factory in which he works. The boy with whom he went to the cinema is Tom. 练：1）The pen with _ he is writing the letter is mine. 2）The man from _ he bought the car is his friend. 3）He has many books, some of _ are English books. 4）He has three sons, two of _ are doctors. When、where、why引导的定语从句。如果先行词在定语从句里不是充当主语或宾语，就不能用that、which、who 或whom来引导定语从句，而要根据情况选引导词。(2),如果先行词表示定语从句里动作发生的地点，此时用介词+which或where引导定语从句。This is the school where he studies。This is the school in which he studies。(3),如果先行词表示定语从句里动作发生的时间，此时用介词+which或when引导定语从句。The day on which he came here is unknown. The day when he came here is unknown. There was a time when the song was very popular. (4),如果先行词是reason，在定语从句里表示动作发生的原因，此时定语从句用that 或for which引导。He often drinks too much. This is the reason why he fell ill. He often drinks too much. This is the reason for which he fell ill. (5),如果先行词是way，在定语从句里表示动作发生的方式，此时定语从句用 that或in which引导。补充:（1）关系代词在从句中作主语，谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。The student who is good at English studies hard.The students who are good at English study hard.对比：He is one of the students who are good at English.（英语好的不止他一人，他是他们中的一员）He is the only one of the students who is good at English. （学生不止一人，他们中只有一人英语好） （2）as 作为关系代词，习惯上用于下列词组：the same.as such .as as . as， soas1. Take as many books as you want.2. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.3. He read such books as will make him wiser.4. The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.（3）the sameas, the same that 的区别This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. （相似的事物）I am wearing the same coat that I wore yesterday. （同一事物）一，用适当的关系词填空1. Everything _ I know will be taught to the students.2. This is the best film _ I have ever seen.3. The manager walked toward the gate _ the workers are waiting.4. You cant go into this room _ they are having a meeting.5. I still remember the days _ we studied together.6. The picture _ has a house and flowers is the one I like best.7. Dont make the same mistake _ you did last time.8. He failed in the exam, _ surprised us all .9. He did all _ was necessary to be done. 10. Her parents wouldnt let she marry anyone _ family was poor.二. 用“介词+关系代词”填空1. Have you ever read the book _ _ there are many pictures?2. The man _ _ he had a talk yesterday is a doctor.3. The library _ _ we often borrow books is very large.4. The gentleman _ _ you just spoke is our headmaster.5. This is the new bicycle _ _ I spent five hundred dollars.6. Here are the table tennis players, some _ _ are our old friends.7. The tool _ _ he is working is called a spade.8. China has hundreds of islands, the largest _ _ is Taiwan.9. The school has 2600 students, two thirds _ _ are girls.10. Water is a liquid, the freezing point _ _ is 0C.11. Give me a piece of paper _ _ I can write the phone number.12. The boy built a telescope _ _ he could study the skies. 20102013高考定语从句真题练习【2013北京】27. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. A. whenB. whichC. whoseD. where【2013福建】27. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected.A. whose B. that C. who D. which【2013湖南】21. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which【2013江苏】32. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A. where B. which C. what D. when【2013江西】33.He wrote a letter _ he explains what had happened in the accident.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. how【2013辽宁】34. He may win the competition, _ he is likely to get into the national team.A. in which case B. in that case C. in what case D. in whose case【2013山东】31. There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science. A. asB. that C. when D. where 【2013山东】35. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. A. whenB. whereC. which D. whom 【2013陕西】16. is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. A. It B. That C. What D. As【2013四川】9. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live.A. what B. which C. when D. where【2013天津】6. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in todays newspaper.A. that B. which C. who D. what【2013新课标II卷】4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_ I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which【2013新课标I卷】33.”You cant judge a book by its cover,” .A. as the saying goes oldB. goes as the old sayingC. as the old saying goesD. goes as old the saying【2013浙江】5. The children, _ had played the whole day long, were worn out.A. all of what B. all of which C. all of them D. all of whom【2013浙江】13. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform _ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.A. what B. where C. when D. why【2013重庆】24. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members.A them B. that C. which D. whom【2013安徽】29. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true.A. it B. that C. what D. which【2012山东卷】23. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.A. them B. that C. which D. what.【2012福建卷】23. The air quality in the city, _is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A. that B. it C. as D. what 【2012浙江卷】17._ Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.A. which B. who C. where D. whom【2012浙江卷】9. We live in an age_more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which【2012江苏卷】22. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.A. which B. who C. where D. what【2012安徽卷】29. A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. as B. it C. which D. This【2012江西卷】28By 16:30,_was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. Awhich Bwhen Cwhat Dthat【2012湖南卷】34. Care of the soul is a gradual process_ even the small details of life should be considered.A. what B. in what C. which D. in which【2012重庆卷】29. Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as salesA. which B. that C. when D. where【2012四川卷】13. In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses.A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them【2012陕西卷】14. It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all. A. that B. where C. which D. what【2012北京卷】26. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. where D. when【2012全国II】8. That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.A. that B. which C. what D. when【2012天津卷】 7.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without_help I would never have got this far.A. who B. whose C. whom D. which1.（2011天津卷）10. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.A. when B. that C. where D. which2.（2011江西卷）34.She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction_ has taken more than three years.A. for which B.with which C. of which D.to which3.（2011四川卷）17.The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.A.which B.whose C.when D.where4.（2011北京卷）26. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of co