自考国际商务英语课文脉络笔记.doc

L1 International Business1.商务知识1.1major differences between international business and domestic businessA. differences in legal systemB. differences in currenciesC. differences in cultural backgroundD. differences in natural and economic conditions1.2 major types of international businessA. tradea. commodity(visible) tradeb. service(invisible) tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investment(FDI)b.portfolio investmentstocks, bonds or certificates of depositsC. other typesa. licensing(high customs duty and non-tariff barrier, strong intellectual property protection)franchising(hotel and restaurant business)In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licenser, the franchiser has more control over and provides more suppoort for the franchisee.b. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOTL2 Income Level and the World Market1.商务知识1.1 GDP and GNPA. GDP market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.B. GNP market value of all goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.1.2 per capita income and per capita GDP1.3 high income, middle income and low income countriesA. H: annual per capita income of $9386 and above;1). OECD; 2). rich oil producing countries of the Middle East; 3). small-industrialized countries or regions;B. M: annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765;1). most East European countries; 2). most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States; 3). 6 OECD countries; 4). quite a number of Latin America countries; 5). some Asian countries; 6). South Africa, Libya, Nigeria and Algeria;C. L: annual per capita income of $765 and below;1). most African countries; 2). some Asian countries; 3).a few Latin American countries;1.4 Triad and QuadA. Triad: US, Western Europe and JapanB. Quad:Triad and Canada1.5 other important markets for Chinathe Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and AustraliaL3 Regional Economic Integration1商务知识1.1 major objectives of regional integration to better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods,services,capital,labor and other resources. 1.2 four levels of regional economic integrationA. free trade area absence trade barriers; the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA, formed by US,Canada and Mexico);B. customs union absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; Southern Cone Customs Union (Mercosur, formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in 1991);C. common market absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility; the European Community(1967-1994,became a true common market in 1992);D. economic union absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility; integration of the domestic policies; European Union; 1.3 European Union(EU)A. history the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC,1952); the Treaty of Rome(1957,signed by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries); the European Economic Community(EEC,1957-1967); the European Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM,1957-1967); the European Community(formed by merging ECSC,EEC and EURATOM,1967-1994); the Single European Act(1992); the Maastricht Treaty(1994); the European Union(1994-);B. structure the European Commission(executive body); the Council of Ministers(decision making); the European Parliament(membership application and trade agreement approval);1.4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC, has 21 members) A. the Seoul Declaration(1991); B. a five-layer organizational structure: the Informal Meeting of Economic Leaders(China,2001); the Dual-Ministerial Meeting; the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for Trade; the Senior Officials Meeting(SOM); Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOM, and Budget Management Committee (four subordinate committees under SOM); C. objectives:trade and investment liberation and facilitation(TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH);1.5 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,13 members,1960,Vienna)L4 Economic Globalization1. 商务知识1.1 economic globalization as an objective trendA. basic feature: free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation;B. advantages and negative impactsa. advantages: 1).giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development; 2), making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive;b. disadvantage: making countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe;1.2 multinational corporationsA. organization:parent MNC and affiliate MNCB. characteristics: 1). enormous size; 2). wide geographical spread; 3). longevity and rapid growth;C. two basic needs: profit and security;D. roles: as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources;E. four types1). multi-domestic corporation(decentralized);2). global corporation(power and responsibility concentrated at the headquarters);3). transnational corporation(integrated in an independent network of affiliates);4). world company (internationalized) L5 International Trade (1)1. 商务知识1.1 the defintion of international trade the exchage of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in anoother.1.2 two reasons for international tradeA. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesB. international specialization1.3 two theories for international specializationA. the theory of absolute advantagea commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources.B. the theory of comparative advantagea. contents of the theory even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.b. not a static concept A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions.c. the cornerstone of modern thinking on international traded. David Ricardo, the economist who introduced the theoryL6 International Trade (2)1. 商务知识1.1 other bases for trade among countriesA. patterns of demandB. economy of scaleC. innovation or style1.2 the reasons why complete specializtion may never occurA. strategic or domestic reasonsB. transport costC. protectionist measures1.3 tariff barriers- the most common form of trade restrictiona tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.A. export duty (tax levied on goods leaving an area)B. import duty (tax levied on goods entering an area)a. specific dutyb. ad valorem dutyc. compound dutyC. drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are returned if the goods are reexported.D. MFN treatment: a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country. 1.4 quotas-the most common form of non-tariff barriersin quantity or valume terms, on a country or global basis, unilaterally or be negotiated on voluntary basis1.5 invisible trade A. transportation service across national boundariesmaritime ships is the most important means (Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets)B. insurance (Lloyds of London is a leading exporter of this service)C. tourismD. immigrant remittance: the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land L7 Incoterms 20001. 商务知识1.1 the neseeity and purpose of having Incoterms1). to eliminate any of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute;2). to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. 1.2 the reasons for the 2000 revision of IncotermsA. spread of customs-free zonesB. changes in transportation practicesC. increased use of electronic communication1.3 the four groups of InsotermsA. Group E: the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own premises;EXW (Ex Works);B. Group F: the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to carrier appoined by the buyer;FCA (Free carrier);FAS (Free Alongside Ship);FOB (Free On Board);C. Group C: the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch;CFR (Cost and Freight);CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight);CPT (Carriage Paid To);CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to);D. Group D: the seller has bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination;DAF (Delivered At Frontier);DES (Delivered Ex Ship);DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay);DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid);DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 1.4 the three most commonly used termsA. FOB (free on board)B. CFR (cost and freight)C. CIF (cost, insurance and freight)1.5 chandges to some areasA. the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ;B. the loading and unloading obligations under FCA;L8 Business Contract1. 商务知识1.1 the definition of the contractan agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.1.2 two types of business negotiation: oral and written1.3 process of negotiation and conclusion of the contractA. inquiry (enquiry)a first enquiry should content: 1). how the name and address of the exporter have been abtained; 2). the business line and usual practice of the importer;B. quotationa firm offer should made of: 1). the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired;2). an exact description of the goods; 3). the validity period;C. offer and acceptanceD. counter-offera counter-offer may be made in relation to: 1). price; 2). terms of payment; 3). time of shipment; or 4). other terms and conditions of the offer;1.4 the necessity of the written contract: 1). as the proof of the agreement; 2). as the basis for its execution.1.5 the types of contractsA. sales contractB. purchase contractC. sales (or purchase) confirmation (less detailed than a contract)1.6 the setting of a contractA. the title: 1). the type of the contract; 2). the number of the contract; 3). the date;B. the contract propera. the name and address of the buyer and the sellerb. the details of the commodity transactionc. the terms and conditions mutually agreed d. indication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validityC. the signatures of the contacting partiesD. the stipulations on the back of the contract L9 Modes of Trade1. 商务知识1.1 origin and development of counter tradeorigined from pre-World War II years when clearing system was introduced between familiar trading partners exchanging unrelated goods.1.2 current counter tradeA. barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.B. counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.C. buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment. The goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exported (different from B).D. features common to the three forms of counter trade: bundling1.3 major advantages of counter tradeA. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortageB. promoting exportC. reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsD. bypassing international price agreementE. helping countries with debt problems to import goods1.4 the drawbacks of counter trade: it can be very risk business.L10 International Payment1. 商务知识1.1 the complexity of payment in international tradeA. risks faced by the exporter and the importerB. political factors, commercial factors, grographical factors and language barrier etc.1.2 two methods of payment used under certain conditionsA. cash in advance or partial cash in advanceB. open account C. consignment transaction1.3 the draft (bill of exchange)A. definitiondraft: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.drawer: the person who draws the draft, usually the exporterdrawee: the person to whom the draft is drawn)payee: the person receiving the payment, usually the drawerB. sight draft (calls immediate payment on presentation)usance draft (tenor draft or term draft, is payable at a later date)C. clean draft (without documents)documentary draft (is accompanied by the relevant documents)1.4 documentary collectionA. documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.a. D/P at sightb. D/p after sightB. documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the draft drawn by the exporter.L11 The Letter of Credit (I)1. 商务知识1.1 the definition of the letter of credita letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.1.2 the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit: bilateral security1.3 the relevant parties of the letter of credit and their roles in its process of operationA. the applicant (instructs his bank to issue an L/C)B. the opening bank (issues the credit and sends it to the advising bank)C. the advising bank (examines the credit and advises the beneficiary of its receipt)D. the beneficiary (examines the credit and requests the openerto make amendments to any discrepancies, then prepare the relevant documents and dispatch the goods)E. the negotiating bank (buys the exporters draft submitted to it under the credit)F. the comfirming bank (adds its confirmation to the credit)1.4 the major contents of the letter of credit1). the number of the credit and the place and time of its establishment 2). the type of the credit3). the contract on which it is based4). the major parties relevant to the credit5). the amount value of the credit6). the place and date on which the credit expires7). the description of the goods8). transportation clause9). stipulations relating to the draft10).stipulations concerning the shipping documents required11).certain special clause if any12).instructions to the negotiating bank13).the seal or signature of the opening bank14).whether the credit follows the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits1.5 the documents being the only concern of the banks in credit operationin credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents, and not in goods, service and/or other performance to which the documents may relate L12 The Letter of Credit (II)1. 商务知识1.1 major types of credits and their functions, forms and mechanismA. clean credit (only requirs clean draft for payment) and documentary creditB. revocable credit (commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary) and irrevocable creditC. confirmed credit (credit confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank) and unconfirmed creditD. sight credit (payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents) and usance creditE. transferable credit (credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties) and non-transferable creditF. non-draft credit (payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft)a. payment creditb. deferred payment creditG. revolving credit (stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made)1.2 the limitations of the letter of creditA. inability to provide absolute securityB. being more expensive than other forms of payment L13 Major Documents Required in Worlt Trade1. 商务知识1.1 the importance of correct documentation1).difficulties in taking delivery; 2).refusal by the bank to make payment,1.2 major types of documentsA. commercial invoicea. major contents 1). invoice number and the date; 2). name and address of the buyer and the seller; 3). contract number and credit number; 4). description of the goods; 5). unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; 6). terms of delivery and terms of payment; 7). packing, shipping marks; 8). seal or signature of the exporter;b. points to be noted: the description of the goods in the invoice must comply with the credit and the total invoice value should not exceed the total amount of the covering L/C.B. packing lista. major contents: the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net weight and gross weight etc.b. documents with similar function: specification list (emphasizes the description of specification of the goods); weight list (also weight note or weight memo, emphasizes the weight of the goods and are used for goods which are based on the weight for price calculation)C. the bill of ladinga. 3 major functions 1). as a cargo receipt 2). constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor 3). a document of title to the goodsb. major contents 1). the carrier (shipping company); 2). the shipper or consignor (exporter); 3). the consigne