综合教程1英语资料.doc

由关系代词引导的定语从句1. 1. 关系代词: who, whom, which, that, whose, as2. 2. 用法1) 1) who指人, 是主格, 在句中作主语或宾语The man who / that told you the news yesterday is a friend of mine.2) 2) whom指人, 是宾格, 在居中作宾语, 或跟在介词后面作介词宾语He is the young man (who/whom/that) she loves.He is the man from whom I learned the news. (这里不能用who代替)= He is the man (who / whom) I learned the news from.3) 3) that 指物, 有时也指人, 在句中作主语或宾语Do you know the man that / who talked with you just now?The painting (that / which) they are talking about was drawn by an artist.4) 4) which指物, 在句中作主语或宾语The river which/that runs through the city is quite wide.This is the new umbrella (which/that) I bought last week.5) 5) whose既可修饰人也可修饰物, 是所有格, 在从句中作定语I have a good friend whose father is a policeman.= I have a good friend, the father of whom is a policeman.= I have a good friend, of whom the father is a policeman.I want the dictionary whose cover has come off.=I want the dictionary, the cover of which has come off.=I want the dictionary, of which the cover has come off.注: 如果whom, which, that在定语从句中作宾语, 关系代词可以省略6) 6) as 指人也指物, 在”the sameas”, “such as”, “asas” 的结构中使用, 在从句中作主语, 宾语或表语.He is not the same person as he was three year ago.He used such expressions as were mentioned in the dictionary.Tom is as clever a boy as Mike is.as作关系代词还可以引导非限制性定语从句, 可以放在主句前.As we all know, he is a famous inventor. As is known to all, he is a famous inventor.(as的现行词不是一个名词, 而是he is a famous inventor整个句子)关系代词that和which的区别在下列情况下, 通常用that指物, 而不用which1) 1) 先行词是something, anything, everything, nothing, little, all等不定代词时, 只能用that Is there anything (that) I can do for you?There is little (that) I can do for you.All (that) you have to do is to press the button.2) 2) 当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时This is the tallest building (that) I have ever seen.3) 3) 当先行词被序数词修饰时The first English novel (that) I have read is Tale of Two Cities.4) 4) 当先行词由only, no, very修饰时This is the very dictionary (that) I want to buy.There is no difficulty (that) we cant overcome.5) 5) 当先行词指人又指物时They talked for about half an hour of things and persons (that) they remembered in the school.6) 6) 在特殊疑问句中, 如果疑问词是which, 为了避免重复, 常用that作关系代词Which is the picture (that) you like best? 关系代词who与that的区别在特殊疑问句里, 如果疑问词是who, 为了避免重复, 常用that作关系代词Who of us that knows something about music does not know this?Who that has seen it does not admire it?由关系副词引导的定语从句.1. 1. 关系副词: when, where, why2. 2. 用法: 关系副词在定语从句中均不作主语或宾语, 而是作状语1) 1)when指时间, 在从句中作时间状语I still remember the day when we first met. = I still remember the day on which we first met.2) 2)where指地点, 在定语从句中作地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.= Shanghai is he city in which I was born.3) 3)why指原因, 在定语从句中作原因状语Do you know the reason why he was absent from school?= Do you know the reason for which he was absent from school?I. II. 容易用错的关系副词和关系代词先行词是时间, 地点, 原因的名词, 定语从句不一定就由关系副词引导We will never forget the day that we spent together.(作宾语)We will never forget the day when we spent the holiday together.(作状语)Is this the museum that we visited last month? (作宾语)Is this the museum where we saw a film last month? (作状语)This is the reason that he gave us for his behavior. (作宾补)This is the reason why he didnt come to school. (作状语)III. 特殊句型Each time/ every time / the moment / the first time etc. + 从句, 当这一结构表示某个时间时, 可以把这些试件词看成一个整体, 相当于由when引导的状语从句, 因此其后不用关系副词Each time I call on him, he is out. (R) When I call on him, he is out.Each time when I call on him, he is out. (W)The Relative Clause III(非限制性定于从句)1. 1. 限制性定语从句不能省略, 如果省略了句子就不完整,而限制性定语从句可以省略,因为它仅仅是对先行词的附加说明Take the street that goes to the right.The library,（which is newly built,）will soon be open to the public.2. 限制性定语从句中,主句与从句之间没有逗号,非限制性定语从句中主句与从句之间必须用逗号隔开.3. 限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略, 而在非限制性定语从句中则不能省.4 非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词that.5限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词, 也可以是一句话He didnt pass the examination, which disappointed his parents.6. 非限制性定语从句所修饰的某人的亲属或某个东西,某个地方表示”唯一的,独一无二的”, 限制性定语从句表示这个亲属和地方不止一个.My brother who lives in New York has six children.我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子. (不止一个兄弟)My brother, who lives in New York, has six children. 我有一个兄弟, 他住在纽约, 有六个孩子. (只有一个兄弟)Shanghai, which lies in the east of China, is a highly industrialized city.(因为上海只有一个, 必须在关系代词前用上逗号.)特殊的定语从句I. I. 嵌入式定语从句She is a top student, who they say has won five prizes in the contest.她是个优等生, 大家说她已经在比赛中获了五次奖“who has won five prizes in the contest” 既是student的定语从句, 又是they say的宾语, 而they say 类似插入语, 如果去掉并不影响句子的完整, 类似的还有: I have an idea which Im sure will interest you. We will have a new teacher, who I know has just returned from Britain. He read a poem which we thought was written by a poet in the Qin Dinesty.II. II. that的特殊用法Can you tell me the way (that)/ in which you solved the difficult problem?This is the last time (that) Ill give you a lesson.III. III. 在非限制性定语从句中，of which / of whom 常用于基数词som