第二讲 时态和句型.doc

第二讲 时态和句型（一）几个基本时态的概念、用法和考点 一般现在时：用来表述真理、习惯、现在的状态和性质等，常与always, usually, often, frequently, occasionally, seldom, rarely 等频度副词或from time to time, at all times等短语连用。 要点：频度副词的位置: She seldom comes here. (行为动词之前) She is always late. （be动词之后） 现在完成时：用来表述已经完成或部分完成的动作或状态，其特点是1）不出现动作发生的具体时间（一旦出现，就变成过去时）；2）常与 for 或 since 引导的时间状语(表示一个时间段，不是一个时间点) 连用。 要点：for 和 since 是现在完成时的标志词 实例： _ the end of 1999 the output of the consuming products in Shanghai has increased by over 30%. A. At B. By C. Since D. After 现在进行时：用来表述正在进行的行为，常与now, look, listen等表示现在的词连用（注意：be, know, want, believe和部分半系动词一般没有进行时），如： Look, the sun _ brightly in the sky. A. shines B. was shining C. is shining D. has shown 现在完成进行时：用来表述说话时已完成部分内容，目前还在做的行为，其特点是除了for 或 since外，常出现all day, all the morning等包括说话时间在内的时间状语连用，如整个上午，说话时也是上午。 一般过去时和过去完成时：这是中国学生学习的一个难点，因此也是考试的一个重点 过去完成时：发生在过去一个时间点之前的一个过去行为或状态，常用在： 1） 宾语从句（间接引语）中：He said (that) he had read the book several times. 2） 状语从句中（特别是时间状语从句）：When we arrived at the cinema, the film had begun. 3） 由by引导的时间状语句中：He had completed all the college courses by 15 years of age. (15岁时，他已经完成了大学的所有课程。) 错：We had finished the task yesterday. 对：We finished the task yesterday. 或We had finished the task by yesterday. 要点：by 是过去完成时（和将来完成时）的标志词。 过去将来时：用来表述过去一个时间点以后的事情，其方向正好与过去完成时相反，如： He said he would come to the meeting personally. (他说他将亲自出席会议。) 一般将来时和将来完成时：记住上面一句话： by 是将来完成时的标志词。 比较： The world population will be over 6.5 billion in 2050. The world population will have been over 6.5 billion by 2050. （二）五个基本句型 根据动词的特性，构成英语中五个基本句型： 1） 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 2） 主语 + 不及物动词 （+ 其他成分） 3） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 4） 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语 5） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 1. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 系动词一般为be 动词。 注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作半系动词用，按行为动词方式变化，起系动词的作用。 试比较： - He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.（他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。- feel为行为动词） - You look pale. Do you feel unwell? （你脸色苍白，感到不舒服？- look / feel为系动词） 一般来说，动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词，该动词为系动词， 如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark. 实例： Dont worry. Let me take your pulse first. Oh, it _ normal. （脉搏正常） A. is felt B. is feeling C. feels D. felt 解题思路：normal为形容词，前面应为系动词；系动词没有被动语态，故A不对； look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时，B也不对；D时态错了，故正确答案为C。 2. 主语 + 不及物动词 （+ 其他成分） 3. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 注意：该句型主要考察以下几点： 1）acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / look forward to / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式，重点和首先要掌握黄色部分。 以上词汇是语法考试的一个重点，要对其特别敏感， 例如： It is impossible to avoid _ by the stormy weather. A. being much affected B. having much affected C. to be much affected D. to have been much affected 解题思路：1）一看到avoid一词，便可确定正确答案在A、B中； 2）affect意为影响，及物动词，故B不对。 如果做题时间来不及，此类题目若有主动语态和被动语态之分，一般选被动语态的正确率高些。 4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语 有些动词（主要是授予动词）后面需要或可以接双宾语结构，如：give, write, buy, send, make等 You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter. 这个句子也可使用以下结构： You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 to 和 for 是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。 5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 这个句型也是考试的重点，主要有两个难点： 1） 要不要 to的问题： The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你马上就来。) 句中to come 是宾语you的补足语。也就是说，当宾语补足语是动词时，一般要用 to连接。但是，以下情况例外： make, let, have等使役动词，如： Shall I have him come here?（要我叫他来吗？） I wont have him cheat me. (否定式，表示容许：我决不容许他欺骗我) 上述句型变为被动语态时，一般要加 “ to ，如： The nurse made the patient eat something. （护士让病人吃了点东西。） The patient was made to eat something. 有时，宾语补足语也可用 -ing形式，如： 考的比较多的一个句型是： catch sb doing 恰巧碰到/抓住某人 如：My mother caught me smoking today. 记住下面重要表达方式： to have / get (something) done， 如： I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.（我去修一下表。） see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感觉动词： 使用原则与上述大致相同。 2） 要不要 it的问题: 先看两个句子： We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. （有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。）该句的原始结构可理解为：We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括号部分（动词不定式）为宾语，difficult为宾语补足语 The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.（医生已经跟你说得很清楚了，你的胃没有什么问题。）该句的原始结构可理解为：The doctor has made （there is nothing wrong with your stomach）clear. 括号部分（句子）为宾语，clear为宾语补足语 1. The police admitted _ a regrettable mistake in arresting an innocent woman. A. have made B. make C. having made D. making 2. The air-conditioner _ before it can be installed. A. needs to examine B. needed to be examined C. needs examining D. needs to have examined 3. Theres a police car in front of our neighbors house. What do you suppose _? A. is happened B. has happened C. has been happened D. would happen 4. The beggar (乞丐) is still at the foot of the escalator, and seems to _ there all day. A. have been sitting B. be sitting C. sit D. have sat 5. He resented _ to wait. He expected the minister _ him at once. A. to be asked / to see B. to be asked / being C. being asked / to see D. being asked / seeing 6. My children are looking forward to _ a trip to Guilin next month. A. make B. be making C. being made D. making 7. The Americans _ George Washington as the father of their country. A. consider B. regard C. look forward to D. look up to 8. I vaguely （模糊地）remember _ something like that. A. for him t