语法1.名词.doc

语法专项（一）名词一名词的分类：名词可分为两类：专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示人，地方，组织，机构的专有名称，且第一个字母通常大写，如Mary, Mr.Green, Beijing等。普通名词：表示人，物，概念等一般名称，根据语法性质可分为：普通名词类别定义例词可数名词个体名词人或物的个体girl；pen集体名词若干个体组成的集合体family; class; team不可数名词物质名词无法分为个体的实物wood；meat；paper抽象名词表性质，行为，状态，感情等抽象概念happiness; truth; strength二名词的数：（一）可数名词的数：1. 规则变化:构成例词一般在词尾加sdesk-desks; brother-brothers; book-books以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的加es bus-buses; box-boxes; watch-watches以y结尾的名词: . 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变y为i再加es . 以元音字母+y结尾的名词直接加s. city-cities; factory-factories. boy-boys; key-keys以f或fe结尾的名词：. 直接加s . 变f或fe为v再加es. chief-chiefs; roof-roofs; belief-beliefs. wife-wives; life-lives; knife-knives以o结尾的名词：. 无生命的加s . 有生命的加es. piano-pianos; photo-photos; zoo-zoos. hero-heroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes注：变f或fe为v再加es的名词有：leaf; half; self; wife; knife; shelf; wolf; thief; life (树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一头狼，就像强盗逃命忙。) 以o结尾的名词复数加es的名词有：Heroes and Negroes like eating potatoes and tomatoes.2. 不规则变化：构成例词内部元音字母变化foot-feet; tooth-teeth; man-men词尾加en或renox-oxen; child-children单复数同形词sheep/fish/deer/Chinese/Japanese/Swiss/means/works(工厂)/series/species/aircraft/head(牲口头数)须用复数谓语的集合名词people; police; cattle有独特复数形式的名词phenomenon-phenomena; crisis-crises; analysis-analysesmedium-media; bacterium-bacteria(细菌)3. 只用复数形式的名词：构成例词由两个部分构成的名词shoes; trousers; jeans; glasses; gloves; scissors(剪刀)以ings结尾的名词savings(储蓄); earnings(收入); belongings(所有物); surroundings(环境); findings(调查结果)其他总是用复数形式的名词goods(货物); riches(财富); wishes; thanks; greetings; congratulations; customs(海关)4. 复合名词的复数：构成例词一般将主体名词变为复数father-in-law-fathers-in-law; passer-by-passers-by无主体名词的复合词在词尾加sgo-between-go-betweens(中间人);know-all-know-alls（万事通）man或woman位于复合名词前时，前后均变为复数men doctors; women writers（二）不可数名词：1. 概述：不可数名词表示的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，不能与a/an连用。2. 物质名词量的表示方法：用much, a little, a lot of等表示用“数词/冠词+量词+of+物质名词”的结构来表示 a piece of paper two cups of tea a drop of water a bar of chocolate3. 物质名词的复数：物质名词可以用复数形式表示类别或数量-Which do you like better, tea or coffee? -Two coffees, please. 同类：fishes; foods; steels(多种钢); teas(多种茶)三具有双重特性的名词：（一）意义不同的可数名词和不可数名词a room(房间)-room(空间) a chicken(一只鸡)-chicken(鸡肉) an experience(经历)-experience(经验)an agreement(协议)-agreement(同意)（二）单复数形式不同的可数和不可数名词 brain(脑)-brains(智力) custom(布料)-customs(海关) good(好事)-goods(货物) paper(纸)-papers(文件) glass(玻璃)-glasses(眼镜) time(时间)-times(时代) pain(疼痛)-pains(努力) look(看)-looks(外表) work(工作)-works(著作) feeling(感觉)-feelings(感情) wood(木头)-woods(树林) green(绿色)-greens(蔬菜)四可数名词和不可数名词的常用修饰语（一）修饰可数名词的修饰语：these, those, few, a few, many, a good(great) many, a good(great) number of等（二）修饰不可数名词的修饰语：this, that, little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of, amounts of等（三）既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词：all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity/mass of, quantities/masses of五常考的不可数名词： advice, information, news, fun, homework, work, furniture, equipment, harm, trouble, traffic, weather, wealth, sugar, value等六名词作定语的用法：类别例词时间或地点evening paper; afternoon tea; school life; railway station材料或来源stone bridge; fur hat目的或用途shoe store; book shop; tooth brush职业，身份或性别girl friend; pen name; bus driver; woman teacher注：有些名词常以复数形式作定语：sports; customs; clothes; sales; arms; accounts. arms production 武器生产 accounts department 会计部门七名词的所有格所有格表示所属关系，修饰另一个名词，作定语。有两种形式：名词后加 s: 多表示有生命的东西 Toms pen介词of+名词：多表示无生命的东西，也可用于表示有生命的东西 the name of the book（一）s所有格的构成：构成例词单数名词或词尾不带s的复数名词todays paper childrens books词尾带s的复数名词只加 ( )girls school词尾带s的单数名词加 sthe bosss plan（二）s所有格的用法：s所有格除了可用于有生命的东西，也可用于下列一些情况：类别例词表示国家，城市的名词Chinas policy the citys population表示自然现象的名词the moons surface the suns rays(射线)表示时间，距离，度量，金钱的名词a miles distance five dollars value注：of所有格既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西，有时可与s所有格互换，但用于无生命的事物时，只能用of所有格 Mr. Smiths son=the son of Mr. Smith 史密斯先生的儿子 the subject of the sentence 句子的主语（三）双重所有格：构成：of+名词s a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友使用场合：当被修饰的名词前有指示代词（this/that/these/those）或表示数量的不定代词（a/any/some/few/several）时，一般用双重所有格。（被修饰名词前有指示代词时常带有赞赏，不满，厌恶等感情色彩）-Some friends of my brothers will come.-That little daughter of your friends is really lovely. (表赞赏)八巩固练习：1. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. (2010 山东卷) A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter2. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good _. (2010 江苏卷) A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization3. James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television. (2010 天津卷) A. room B. area C. field D. position4. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct _. (2010 浙江卷) A. solution B. target C. measure D. function5. I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond _. (2010 安徽卷) A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D. measure6. This restaurant has become popular for its wide _ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. (2010 湖北卷) A. division B. area C. range D. circle7. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000, a(n) _ of 40,000 per year. (2010 江西卷) A. average B. number C. amount D. quantity8. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _to the digital resources of the library. (2009 浙江卷) A. access B. passage C. way D. approach9. Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late. (2009 天津卷) A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure10. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any _ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009. (2009 福建卷) A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration11. Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for _ building. (2009 湖北卷) A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character12. In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _ for everyone to stand up. (2009 湖北卷) A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure13. -He says that my new car is a _ of money. （2009 山东卷） -Dont you think those words are just sour grapes? A. lack B. load C. question D. waste14. China has got a good _ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization. (2009 安徽卷) A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge15. From their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city. (2009 陕西卷) A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation16. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ like coal, gas and oil. (2008 天津卷) A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products17. To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our _”. (2008 安徽卷) A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices18. -Shall we go out for a walk? -Sorry. This is not the right _ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. (2008 陕西卷) A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance19. The young man made a _ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. (2008湖北卷) A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution20. Dogs have a very good _of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. (2008浙江卷) A. sense B. view C. means D. idea21. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real _. (2008 山东卷) A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business22. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _ in many parts of the city. (2007 安徽卷) A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance23. Despite such a big difference in _ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. (2007 湖北卷) A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight24. He and his wife are of the same _; they both want their son to go to college. (2007 陕西卷) A. soul B. spirit C. heart D. mind25. Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _ for a wedding in some countries. (2007 浙江卷) A. way B. situation C. event D. choice26. -You are always full of _. Can you tell me the secret? -Taking plenty of exercise every day. A. power B. strength C. force D. energy27. My morning _ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. (2007 上海卷) A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine1. There are ten _ teachers and two hundred _ students in the school. A. women; girl B. woman; girls C. women; girls D. woman; girl2. Such a magazine has _ except when you have time to kill. A. much value B. a lot of value C. great value D. little value3. The teacher told us to gather _ about the ancient calendar. A. as many informations as possible B. as more informations as possible C. as much information as possible D. as more information as possible4. -Would you like some more _. -No, thanks. I _. A. chicken; have got plenty B. chickens; have had enough C. chicken; have had enough D. chickens; have had much5. Dont talk with your mouth full! Where are your _? A. politeness B. manners C. foods D. dishes6. His honesty is _ and nobody ever doubts it. A. out of question B. out of the question C. in question D. beside the question7. Great _ have been taken to finish the work ahead of time. A. pains B. wounds C. troubles D. strengths8. Giving small children money as a gift during the Spring Festival is a common _ in China, which may seem strange to foreigners. A. sense B. practice C. hobby D. habit9. Well have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my _. A. sports clothes B. sport clothes C. clothes of sports D. sports clothes10. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics. A. means B. methods C. ways D. approaches11. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of tea B. teas cup C. cup for tea D. tea cup12. -Where is your son? -At _. A. Mr. Greens B. Mr. Green C. the Mr. Green D. the Mr. Greens13. Which do you prefer, _ or _? A. potatos; tomatos B. potatos; tomatoes C. potatoes; tomatos D. potatoes; tomatoes14. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs15. My family raise a lot of _, including two _. A. cattle; cows B. cows; cattle C. cattles; cows D. cow; cattles16. “Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are17. After three days journey by sea, _ have arrived in good _. A. the good; condition B. the goods; conditions C. the good; condition D. the goods; condition18. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _office. A. editor-in-chiefs; editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief; editor-in-chiefs C. editors-in-chiefs; editors-in-chiefs D. editors-in-chief; editors-in-chiefs19. We are _ and they are _. A. Englishmen; Germans B. Englishmen; German C. Englishmans; Germans D. Englishmen; German20. What _! Where did you get them? A. big fish B. a big fish C. the big fish D. the big fishes21. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs22. -May I take your order now? -Wed like three _ and A. tea B. teas C. cups of teas D. cup of teas23. The children are playing _ on the _. A. sand; sand B. sands; sands C. sand; sands D. sands; sand24. They said they would have _ in finishing the work in one day or two. A. some difficulties B. any difficulties C. some difficulty D. any difficulty25. You should do more _. Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _. A. exercise; exercises B. exercises; exercise C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise26. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Mans B. Mens C. Mens D. Persons27. Have you ever read _? A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. todays newspaper28. L