补充注释 Unit 1 Nothing Ventured, Nothing Gained

Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained补充注释1. I try to think of happier things：warm and dry clothes, a cosy bedroom, sunny days, my mothers face and the celebration we will get when we return, for I am part of a failed expedition that tried to cross the continent of Antarctica, something that had never been done before. 我尝试着想一些快乐的事情：温暖和干爽的衣服、舒适的卧室、阳光灿烂的日子、妈妈的脸庞以及返家后得到的庆贺, 因为我是试图横穿南极大陆的一次失败探险活动的成员之一, 这种事以前还没有人做过。值得注意的是, 本句中出现了多种形式（如单词、词组、分词、从句）的定语。for所引导的是一个原因状语从句。 expedition既可指“为特定目标而进行的团体旅行或考察”, 例如：a scientific expedition to the South Pole（对南极的科学考察）, 又可指“参加考察的团队”。在本句中, expedition取第二种意义, 即“探险队；远征队”。如： The expedition successfully reached the top of Mt Qomolongma. 探险队员们成功登上珠穆朗玛峰的峰顶。An expedition was sent to photograph wild animals in Africa. 一支探险队被派往非洲拍摄野生动物。 2. Our circumstances are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive. 我们的境况让人绝望, 谁也不清楚会不会活着回去。 circumstance常用复数, 表示“环境；情况；形势”。如： The circumstances of this case are unusual. 这件案子的情况很不寻常。 Due to certain circumstances beyond our control, we have been forced to close the exhibition for the next two days. 由于某些不可控因素, 我们不得不在未来两天关闭展览会。常见短语有：In / under no circumstances意思是“决不；无论如何也不”。如： Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不首先使用核武器。 She wont give up in any circumstances. 在任何情况下她都不会屈服。 in / under the circumstances表示“在这种情况下；因为这种情况”。如： Its amazing that they did so well under the circumstances. 他们在这种情况下表现得如此出色, 实在令人惊叹。In exceptional circumstances students may take exams at other times. 如遇特殊情况, 学生可在其他时段考试。alive (adj.) 意思是“活着的；活泼的”。这里涉及到一个语法难点, 即形容词作伴随状语, 说明状态, 而不是方式。如：As soon as the king died, the queen was buried alive. 皇帝一死, 皇后就被活埋。 Make sure that he is captured alive. 一定要捉活他。 其它形容词作伴随状语的例子有： Suddenly he fell on the ground dead. 突然, 他倒地而死。He went to bed, cold and hungry. 他上床睡觉时觉得又冷又饿。 3. So it was with great excitement one morning in July 1914 that I read this advertisement：所以在1914年7月的一个早晨, 我是怀着无比激动的心情读以下这则广告的：这句是强调句型, 正常语序是：I read this advertisement with great excitement one morning in July 1914. 4. On January 18th, 1915 the Endurance became stuck in pack ice (which can be solid or broken into huge floating pieces of ice) as we approached Antarctica. 1915年1月18日, 正当我们接近南极洲之时, “持久号”被海上的浮冰（有的坚硬无比, 有的破裂成若干块巨大的冰块漂浮在水上）卡住了。stuck是stick的过去分词, 意思是“被固定、卡住、塞住或阻住”。如：The bus was stuck in the mud. 公共汽车陷在泥里动不了了。The key stuck in the lock. 钥匙卡在锁里拔不出来。 He got stuck in traffic for an hour and missed the train. 他被堵在路上一个小时, 误了火车。 pack ice是一个固定短语, 意思是“海上大浮冰” (an expanse of large pieces of floating ice driven together into a nearly continuous mass)。 5. I believe Shackleton must have mourned this unexpected end to his expedition, but he did not waste time on regrets. 我相信沙克尔顿肯定会对这次探险意想不到的结局而痛心, 但他没并有把时间浪费在遗憾和悔恨中。 must have表示对过去事情的猜测, 而且是很有把握的猜测。如： He looked great. He must have enjoyed his holiday. 他看上去气色很好, 他一定是度过了一个开心的假期。 My coat isnt there. Someone must have taken it by mistake. 我的外套不在那儿, 准是有人拿错了。 6. Soon Shackleton set out the framework for our life here：no differences in rank or in social status；everyone to keep busy；a fair division of food and bedding；and a concern for all. 不久沙克尔顿给我们这里的生活列出了规矩：取消级别和社会地位上的差异, 每个人都得忙起来；公平分配食物和卧具, 关心每一个人。 set out在本句中的意思是“清楚而详细地解释或描绘”（to explain, describe, or arrange something in a clear and detailed way, especially in writing）。如： The reasons for my decision are set out in my report. 我在报告里逐项列出了做出该决定的原因。 He set out his plans for the department in his report. 他在报告中详细陈述了他对部门发展的计划。 set out还有其它的意义：认真着手（做某事）；出发；陈列或摆设。如：When we set out on this project, we knew it would be successful. 当我们着手做这个项目时, 我们就知道它一定会成功。After a short rest, we set out again. 稍作休息后, 我们再次出发。 Please set out the chairs for the meeting in rows of ten. 请把开会要用的椅子摆成十个一排。 词语联想 set about (sth) 着手（某项工作） set back妨碍, 阻碍 set down把放下来 set in（气候、季节等）开始 set off动身, 出发；发射 set up竖起；创立 7. The danger of what lay ahead of them, the chances of them ever returning to find us, the fear that we might never know their fate and possible delays, at first made us feel low and discouraged. 起初, 他们将面临的危险、回来寻找我们的机会, 以及害怕再也无从知晓他们的命运和可能的耽搁, 都使我们情绪低落、沮丧不已。本句的主语由三个名词词组并列组成, the danger, the chances, the fear, 但值得注意的是, 三个名词词组后面的短语或从句结构的语法功能不尽相同：of what lay ahead of them是danger的定语, of them ever returning to find us是chances的定语, that引导的从句是修饰fear的同位语从句。8. If this stands for a period of time its salt disappears and it becomes fresh water suitable for drinking. 如果冰块溶化了一段时间, 水里面的盐分就会消失, 之后变成适于饮用的淡水。stand在这里的意思是“使（液体）保持静止不动；静置；沉淀”。如：Leave the water to stand overnight. 让水沉淀一晚。 Stand the mixture for 20 minutes and see what happens. 将混合溶液静置20分钟, 看看会发生什么变化。9. We could also eat the remains when the fire died down. 火熄灭后我们也可以吃剩下的东西。值得注意的是, remains并不是remain的复数, remain只有动词意义, 而无名词意义。remains是一个复数形式的名词, 意思是“剩余物；遗迹；遗体；残骸”。如： the remains of a meal残羹剩饭 the remains of an army残兵败将 His remains are buried in the churchyard. 他的尸体葬在教堂的墓地里。 die down的意思是“渐弱；渐熄”（to become less strong or violent）。如： The wind died down. 风势渐渐弱了下来。 The excitement soon died down. 那股兴奋劲儿渐渐冷了下来。 词语联想 die away（声音、风、光等）渐渐减弱, 甚至停止 die off （有生命的群体）一个接一个地死去 die out （家族、种族、习俗、观念等）完全消失；绝种 10. As a chef, it was my duty to clean and cook these animals, so I was soon being encouraged to vary the meals in whatever way I could. It was difficult. 作为厨子, 我的责任就是把这些动物清洗干净并做成熟肉。没过多久, 他们就不断鼓动我想方设法变化伙食的花样。这可真不容易。chef和cook都有“厨师”的意思, 但chef多指“厨技高超的男性厨师；主厨”, 而cook则泛指“烹调食物的人”。如：He works as a chef in a restaurant. 他在一家餐馆当厨师。Who is the cook in your family? 在你们家谁做饭? 这里有两个it, 所指代的对象不同。第一个it是形式主语, 指代to clean and cook these animals, 而第二个it是代词, 指代前句中的to vary the meals in whatever way I could。 vary意思是“改变；变化；使多样化”, 既可作及物动词, 又可作不及物动词。如： The temperature varies from time to time. 温度时有变化。 The teacher was advised to vary his teaching methods. 有人建议这位老师改变一下教学方法。Mom is a good cook；she varies the meals so that we never get tired of eating at home. 妈妈是个好厨师。她总是变换饭菜的口味, 所以我们从不厌烦在家吃饭。11. It was almost as dangerous to become too hot from wearing too many clothes as to become too cold from wearing too few. 穿衣服太多而太热同穿得太少而太冷差不多一样危险。这个句子比较的是两个不定式短语, 意思是：To become too hot from wearing too many clothes was almost as dangerous as to become too cold from wearing too few. 12. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive and he had repaid us by his commitment to return and save us from a slow but painful death. 乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来, 他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上, 并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。 persevere的意思是“坚持；忍耐”，不及物动词, 后面常接in或with。如： He perseveres in his studies. 他孜孜不倦地学习。 She persevered with her piano lessons. 她持之以恒地努力学钢琴。 The police will persevere with their efforts to investigate the crime. 警方会尽全力将这起犯罪案件调查到底。 repay的意思是“回报；报答；偿还”。如： When do you think you will be