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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 十吨位桥式起重机小车运行 机构设计 信机 系 模具设计与制造 专业学 号： 0923253学生姓名： 周 洲 指导教师： 陈炎冬 （职称：讲师 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 十吨位桥式起重机小车运 行机构设计 机电 系 模具设计与制造 专业学 号： 0923253 学生姓名： 周 洲 指导教师： 陈炎冬（职称：讲 师 ） （职称： ）2012年11月12日课题来源来源于生产实际科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题科学意义 起重机械广泛应用于工矿企业、港口码头、车站仓库、建筑工地、海洋开发、宇宙航行等各个工业部门，可以说陆地、海洋、空中、民用、军用各个方面都有起重机械在进行着有效的工作。 起重机械不仅可以作为辅助的生产设备，完成原料、半成品、产品的装卸、搬运，进行机电设备的安装、维修，而且它也是一些生产过程工艺操作中的必须设备，例如钢铁冶金生产中的各个环节，从炉料准备、加料到炼好的钢水浇铸成锭以及脱模取锭等。又例如原子能工业中的一些工艺操作等人所难达到之处，没有起重机械，简直无法生产。据统计，在我国冶金、煤炭部门的机械设备总台数或总重中，起重运输机械约占2565。起重机械与运输机械发展到现在，已经成为合理组织成批大量生产和机械化流水作业的基础，是现代化生产的重要标志之一。在我国四个现代化的发展和各个工业部门机械化水平、劳动生产率的提高中，起重机必将发挥更大的作用。（2）国内外桥式起重机的发展趋势A.国内桥式起重机的发展趋势现如今国内桥式起重机已经发生了重大的变化，且正向国际化并轨。a.机械的结构，减轻自重；b. 分引进国外先进技术;c. 大型化发展。B.国外桥式起重机的发展趋势目前国外桥式起重机的技术已达到成熟阶段，随着科学技术的发展正逐步走向完善。a. 简化设备结构，减轻自重，降低生产成本；b. 更新零部件，提高整机性能；c. 设备大型化；d. 机械化运输系统的组合应用。（3）应用前景桥式起重机是现代工业生产和起重运输中实现生产过程机械化、自动化得重要工具和设备。所以桥式起重机在室内外工矿企业、钢铁化工、铁路交通、港口码头以及物流周转等部门和场所得到广泛的应用。研究内容 熟悉起重机械的发展历程，特别是近十几年来国内外起重机械特别是桥式起重机的发展趋势； 熟练掌握桥式起重机的工作原理和方法； 熟练掌握小车运行机构的工作原理； 能够熟练使用AutoCAD软件绘制小车运行机构的装配图和零件图； 熟练使用AutoCAD提供的图形用户界面。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）实验方案小车运行机构分两种：一种是减速器在中间，另一种是减速器在一侧。小车运行机构是减速器位于小车中间，这种方式使小车减速器的输出轴及传动轴所承受的扭矩比较均匀。减速器在小车一侧，这种结构的特点是安装和维修比较方便。小车的被动轮与大车被动轮一样独立运行。对这两种小车运行机构做性能的对比试验。（2）研究方法 在同样工作条件下，分析两个小车运行机构的工作状况的差别。 在不同的工作条件下，对同一个小车运行机构做不同工况下的对比，分析重构图像。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：编写设计说明书。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：设计小车运行机构和相关零件的图纸。2013年4月26日-2013年5月25日：毕业论文的总体撰写和修改工作。预期成果：完成对QD型双梁10t桥式起重机小车运行机构的设计。特色或创新之处采用固定某些参量、改变某些参量来研究问题的方法，思路清晰，简洁明了，行之有效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 实验方案思路比较明确，已经初步具备桥式起重机设计方面的知识。需要对桥式起重机及其运行机构更进一步的研究和设计改善。指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见该生查阅了大量的相关资料，设计方案合理，同意开题。 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日The Use and History of CraneEvery time we see a crane in action we remains without words, these machines are sometimes really huge, taking up tons of material hundreds of meters in height. We watch with amazement and a bit of terror, thinking about what would happen if the load comes off or if the movement of the crane was wrong. It is a really fascinating system, surprising both adults and children. These are especially tower cranes, but in reality there are plenty of types and they are in use for centuries. The cranes are formed by one or more machines used to create a mechanical advantage and thus move large loads. Cranes are equipped with a winder, a wire rope or chain and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.1. OverviewThe first construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbor cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first mechanical power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. For a while, mini - cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships. This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.2. HistoryAncient GreeceThe crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC. The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologists as the positive evidence required for the existence of the crane. The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 15-20 tons. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favor of using several column drums. Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece were more suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labor, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis than the more labor-intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Assyria. The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then. Ancient RomeThe heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman Empire, when construction activity soared and buildings reached enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greek crane and developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their lifting techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineers Vitruvius (De Architectura 10.2, 1-10) and Heron of Alexandria (Mechanica 3.2-5). There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman treadwheel cranes, with the Haterii tombstone from the late first century AD being particularly detailed.The simplest Roman crane, the Trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a block containing three pulleys. Having thus a mechanical advantage of 3:1, it has been calculated that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys x 50 kg = 150), assuming that 50 kg represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane types featured five pulleys (Pentaspastos) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five pulleys (Polyspastos) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load. The Polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could already lift 3000 kg (3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg = 3000 kg). In case the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the maximum load even doubled to 6000 kg at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses a much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparison to the construction of the Egyptian Pyramids, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the Roman Polyspastos proved to be 60 times higher (3000 kg per person). However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those handled by the Polyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far beyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the architrave blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and one corner cornice block even over 100 tons, all of them raised to a height of about 19 m. In Rome, the capital block of Trajans Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of about 34 m (see construction of Trajans Column). It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures (see picture below for comparable Renaissance technique): First, as suggested by Heron, a lifting tower was set up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of a quadrangle with parallel sides, not unlike a siege tower, but with the column in the middle of the structure (Mechanica 3.5). Second, a multitude of capstans were placed on the ground around the tower, for, although having a lower leverage ratio than treadwheels, capstans could be set up in higher numbers and run by more men (and, moreover, by draught animals). This use of multiple capstans is also described by Ammianus Marcellinus (17.4.15) in connection with the lifting of the Lateranense obelisk in the Circus Maximus (ca. 357 AD). The maximum lifting capability of a single capstan can be established by the number of lewis iron holes bored into the monolith. In case of the Baalbek architrave blocks, which weigh between 55 and 60 tons, eight extant holes suggest an allowance of 7.5 ton per lewis iron, that is per capstan. Lifting such heavy weights in a concerted action required a great amount of coordination between the work groups applying the force to the capstans.Middle AgesDuring the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331. Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors. Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ships wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over dead-spots in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123. The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.Structure and placementThe medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier compass-arm wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced clasp-arm type featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim, giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage. Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight scaffolding used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane grew and wandered with the building with the result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft. Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.Mechanics and operationIn contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists - much like their counterparts in Greece and Rome - were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a considerable distance horizontally as well. Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the workplace in a different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, or from a place opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at each end of the wall. Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope attached to the load. Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340. While ashlar blocks were directly lifted by sling, lewis or devils clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placed before in containers like pallets, baskets, wooden boxes or barrels. It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from running backward. This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval treadwheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control. Harbor usageAccording to the present state of knowledge unknown in antiquity, stationary harbor cranes are considered a new development of the Middle Ages. The typical harbor crane was a pivoting structure equipped with double treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading and unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods like see-saws, winches and yards. Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a varying geographical distribution: While gantry cranes which pivoted on a central vertical axle were commonly found at the Flemish and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes where the windlass and treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and roof rotating. Interestingly, dockside cranes were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and the highly developed Italian ports where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive method of unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle Ages.Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress of the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the axle and rotated together. Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbor cranes from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe.28 Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes which could be flexibly deployed in the whole port basin came into use by the 14th century. RenaissanceA lifting tower similar to that of the ancient Romans was used to great effect by the Renaissance architect Domenico Fontana in 1586 to relocate the 361 t heavy Vatican obelisk in Rome. From his report, it becomes obvious that the coordination of the lift between the various pulling teams required a considerable amount of concentration and discipline, since, if the force was not applied evenly, the excessive stress on the ropes would make them rupture. Early modern ageCranes were used domestically in the 17th and 18th century. The chimney or fireplace crane was used to swing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a trammel. 3. Mechanical principlesThere are two major considerations in the design of cranes. The first is that the crane must be able to lift a load of a specified weight and the second is that the crane must remain stable and not topple over when the load is lifted and moved to another location.Lifting capacityCranes illustrate the use of one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage.The lever. A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point called the fulcrum. The principle of the lever allows a heavy load attached to the shorter end of the beam to be lifted by a smaller force applied in the opposite direction to the longer end of the beam. The ratio of the loads weight to the applied force is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the longer arm and the shorter arm, and is called the mechanical advantage. The pulley. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (the jib) that supports a fixed pulley block. Cables are wrapped multiple times round the fixed block and round another block attached to the load. When the free end of the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding machine, the pulley system delivers a force to the load that is equal to the applied force multiplied by the number of lengths of cable passing between the two blocks. This number is the mechanical advantage. The hydraulic cylinder. This can be used directly to lift the load or indirectly to move the jib or beam that carries another lifting device. Cranes, like all machines, obey the principle of conservation of energy. This means that the energy delivered to the load cannot exceed the energy put into the machine. For example, if a pulley system multiplies the applied force by ten, then the load moves only one tenth as far as the applied force. Since energy is proportional to force multiplied by distance, the output energy is kept roughly equal to the input energy (in practice slightly less, because some energy is lost to friction and other inefficiencies).StabilityFor stability, the sum of all moments about any point such as the base of the crane must equate to zero. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the rated load in the US) is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip (providing a safety margin).Under US standards for mobile cranes, the stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is 75% of the tipping load. The stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on outriggers is 85% of the tipping load. These requirements, along with additional safety-related aspects of crane design, are established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the volume ASME B30.5-2007 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes.Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are somewhat stricter because of the dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or platform must be considered.For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created by the boom, jib, and load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than the yield stress of the material or the crane will fail.4. Types of the cranesMobileMain article: Mobile craneThe most basic type of mobile crane consists of a truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform - be it on road, rail or water.FixedExchanging mobility for the ability to carry greater loads and reach greater heights due to increased stability, these types of cranes are characterized that they, or at least their main structure does not move during the period of use. However, many can still be assembled and disassembled.5. Overhead CranesUseThe most common overhead crane use is in the steel industry. Every step of steel, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, the steel is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a furnace by crane, hot steel is stored for cooling by an overhead crane, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and the fabricator or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The automobile industry uses overhead cranes for handling of raw materials. Smaller workstation cranes handle lighter loads in a work-area, such as CNC mill or saw.HistoryAlton Shaw, of the Shaw Crane Company, is credited with the first overhead crane, in 1874. Alliance Machine, now defunct, holds an AISE citation for one of the earliest cranes as well. This crane was in service until approximately 1980, and is now in a museum in Birmingham, Alabama. Over the years important innovations, such as the Weston load brake (which is now rare) and the wire rope hoist (which is still popular), have come and gone. The original hoist contained components mated together in what is now called the built-up style hoist. These built up hoists are used for heavy-duty applications such as steel coil handling and for users desiring long life and better durability. They also provide for easier maintenance. Now many hoists are package hoists, built as one unit in a single housing, generally designed for ten-year life or less.Notable cranes and dates1874: Alton Shaw develops the first overhead crane. 1938: Yale introduces the Cable-King hoist. 1944: Shepard-Niles supplies a hoist for lifting atomic bombs for testing in New Mexico. 1969: Power Electronics International, Inc. developed the overhead hoist variable speed drive. 1983: The worlds biggest overhead crane from Bardella Company starts its operation at Itaipu dam Hydro Power Plant Brazil. 1997: Industry giant P&H files for chapter eleven bankruptcy. Later renamed Morris Material Handling but still using the P&H tradename, they again went bankrupt. 1998: Dearborn Crane supplies two 500-ton capacity overhead cranes to Verson Press of Chicago. The cranes were never used due to Versons bankruptcy. 起重机的用途与历史每当我们看到一台正在运作的起重机，我们都会惊讶不已，这些机器有时硕大无比，能把成吨的货物提升到半空中。看到这些庞然大物的时候我们心理都带着一种惊愕，有时甚至是有一点恐惧的心情，我们会去想如果吊着着的东西掉下来了或者是起重机吊错了位置会发生什么样恐怖的事情。起重机的确是一种令人着迷的机械系统，无论是成人或者是孩子无不为止惊叹。起重机的种类五花八门，并且历史悠久。起重机是用一个或者几个简单的机器来组成一个机械结构并用于运送那些人无法搬动的物品。一般来说，起重机由一个卷筒、一束金属绳或者是一条金属链组成用来同时提升、放置或者是水平移动货物。起重机的工作领域一般是在需要装卸货物的运输业、需要搬运建材的建筑业和需要组装重型设备的制造业。1. 概况第一台具有机械结构的起重机是由古希腊人发明的，并且由人或者是牲畜比如驴，作为动力源。这种起重机被用于大型建筑的建造。这种起重机后来发展成了采用人力踏板驱动的更大型的起重机，用于提升更重的物料。中世纪时港口起重机被用来装卸船上的货物，有的港口起重机为求更大的起重重量和更好的稳定性被造在了石塔里。最早的起重机是用木头制造的，但是工业革命之后，铸铁和钢材就代替了木头用于制造起重机。尽管水磨机和风车都可以利用自然的能源来驱动，但是几个世纪以来，起重机的动力源一直是人力或者是畜力。第一台真正采用机械能量的起重机用的是蒸汽机，最早的蒸汽起重机出现于18到19世纪，有一些甚至到了20世纪末仍能很好地使用。虽然由于能源的供应仍不可及，到现在有一些人力起重机还在使用，但是现代的起重机一般采用的内燃机、电动马达、液压系统能为起重机提供比之前大得多的提升力。 起重机的类型多种多样每一种都是量身定做。尺寸由最小的在车间里使用的臂式起重机到用于建造高楼的最高的塔式起重机应有尽有。然而，小型的起重机也被用来建造摩天大楼，目的是为了在高楼中狭小的空间内使用使建造更加方便。最后，我们来看看更加巨型的浮船式起重机，一般用来建造石油钻探平台和打捞沉没的船只。这篇文章也会涉及到之前没有提到，但是也非常常见的的起重机械，比如说堆垛起重机和装卸起重机。2. 历史古希腊时期用来提升重型货物的其中节是古希腊人在公元前六世纪晚期发明的。考古记录显示最早在公元前515年提升夹具和铁制的吊楔开始出现在古希腊人石块结构的神殿里。由于这些是起重设备的核心装置、也由于他们是在石块的重心的中央或者是在离重心上一点距离相等的两头被发现，他们被考古学家认为是起重机当时就存在的确凿证据。绞盘与滑轮的的引入导致了人类之前用斜坡来向高处运送货物的方法被广泛替代。在接下来的两百年中，希腊的建筑都采用了这样新型的提升物料的技术，它利用了一些小型的石块来来代替大块的石头，这样更具实用性。与更早先的古希腊人神殿的建筑材料的尺寸不断变得越来越大趋势相比较，希腊古典庙宇比如帕台农神庙的石块重量都小于1520吨。而且，要把巨型的石柱竖立起来的作业古希腊人实际上更喜欢用好几块像鼓一样的圆柱石块堆叠而成。尽管确切是何时从斜坡运输进入起重机提升技术时代的时间还不是很清楚。但是当时古希腊不稳定的社会局势、和政治情况使得建造神殿更适合雇佣小型的、更加专业的建筑团队而不是像埃及和亚述那样大量使用的没有技术的劳动力。这样的情况使得起重机更像是希腊城邦发明的而非是采用纯劳动力斜坡运送货物的埃及或是亚述那样的独裁国家。 文学上第一次的明确的记载滑轮组的复合系统是出现在亚里士多德的机械难题中，但是组成文字可能还要稍晚一些。与此同时，用于建造希腊神庙的石块尺寸再一次开始赶上他们的古代前辈了，这标志着当时更多的久经考验的的滑轮组一定在希腊建筑史上找到了它们的一席之地。古罗马时期起重机械在古代的全盛时期却是在古罗马帝国展开的。当时建筑物的数量激增，而且这些建筑都达到了巨型的尺寸。罗马人采用了希腊人的起重机并将其发扬光大。多亏了那些维特鲁威工程师们撰写的相当冗长的文献和亚历山大大帝的苍鹭的巢，我们才得以如此详细地了解到了它们的其中技术。目前与Haterii的墓碑一起现存于世还有两座公元一世纪晚期、雕刻精细的古罗马脚踏式起重机的浮雕作品。三饼滑车是古罗马最简单的一种起重机，它是由一个单梁吊臂、一个绞盘、一条绳子和一个三个滑轮组成的滑轮组组成的。这样就有能够省下3倍的力。经计算，假设一个人用尽力气能够长时间地提起相当于重50千克的物体那么通过这样的起重机械他可以提升约150千克的物体（3个滑轮X50千克150千克）。更加重型的起重机就拥有五个滑轮（五饼滑车），最大型的起重机会在两根、三根甚至是四根桅杆上面装上三饼和五饼的复合滑轮组（复滑车），这是由最大的负载载荷决定的。复滑车工作的时候两边需要4个人：两边各站两个已经可以提起重约3000千克的物体（3条绳子X5个滑轮X4个人X50千克3000千克）。如果用踏车来代替绞盘的话，最大的起重载荷可以在人工减半的情况下达到两倍6000千克，因为踏车有更大的直径能够提供一个大得多的力矩。这意味着，和建造埃及金字塔时50个人才能通过斜坡搬动2.5吨的石块（50千克每人）的情况相比，罗马的复滑车的提升能力把工作的效率提高60倍（3000千克每人）。然而，大量现存的古罗马建筑中那些石块的重量比复滑车所能操作的负载要重得多。这表明古罗马人全面的起重的能力要远远任何简单的起重机。以Baalbek的Jupiter神庙为例，那些楣梁的石块每块都重达60吨以上，每个檐口的石块甚至达到了100吨以上，所有这些石料都被提升到了19m的半空中。在罗马Trajan之柱的主要石块重达53.3吨，而这些石块必须被提升到34m的高度。（见Trajian之柱）假定古罗马的建筑师们是用两种方法把这么巨型石块提起来的：第一种方法是由苍鹭之巢的暗示得来，首先一座起重塔矗立了起来，它四个桅杆以两条平行的边各一个的方式形成了一个方形的形状，不像一个围起来的塔，而是塔的中间有圆柱体。然后，大量的绞盘被放置在塔周围的地面上，因为虽然绞盘的杠杆比比踏车要低，但是绞盘可以安装在更高的地方由更多的人来驱动（此外还可以用牲畜）。这种大量绞盘的使用也被Ammianus Marcellinus记录和在Circus Maximus起升的Lateranense 方尖塔联系了起来。单个绞盘的最大起重量由在那些大石块上钻的抓取孔的数量决定。就拿Baalbek楣梁上那些重量在55到60吨的石块来说，八个明显的抓取孔表明了每个吊爪允许承受7.5吨的重量，这也是每一个绞盘所要承受的重量。以既定的动作来提升如此重量的物体需要各个施力于绞盘上的各个工作组之间有大力的协调和配合。中世纪时期在中世纪时，随着西罗马帝国的灭亡，西欧洲的科技技术水平一落千丈。这时踏车式的起重机再次被大范围地使用。最早的提到踏车式是大约1225年法国的一部档案文学作品，它在一份手稿上也说明叙述了直到1240年法国人的血统起源。在航海方面，最早使用港口起重机是在1244年的Utrecht、1263年的Antwerp、1288年的Brugge和1291年的Hamburg，而在英格兰踏车式的起重机直到1331年才有所记录。一般来说，采用起重机来垂直运输比传统的方法更加的安全和经济。典型的应用领域就包括港口、矿井。值得一提的是在哥特式大教堂的建造过程中，踏车式的起重机起到了一个不可或缺的重要作用。但是，档案和图画都显示了当时新引进的机械系统如踏车、独轮手推车等却没有完全替代那些楼梯、木桶、手推车等依赖劳动力的生产方法。这样，旧式的和新式的机械在继续在中世纪的建筑和港口共存。除了踏车，中世纪的文献中也记载了由手动驱动带幅轮和曲柄的绞盘的起重机，在15世纪时也是由卷扬机发展成为了类似船轮的系统。为了缓冲这些不规则的冲击力和解决提升过程中的死点问题，调速轮最早于1123年开始投入使用。踏车式起重机具体以何种方式再次被采用的已经无从考证，尽管它再次被使用在建筑领域是被毋庸置疑地认为和哥特式建筑的崛起有相当密切的关系。踏车式起重机的再次出现可能导致了卷扬机的技术发展，因为卷扬机在踏车式起重机的结构和机械方面都有所发展。中世纪的踏车可以看作是罗马Vitruvius De工程师设计品的一个精心改造品，它们可以在很多寺庙馆藏中看到。结构与使用地点中世纪的踏车结构是由一个木轮围绕在一根中心轴上，中心轴的两旁有足够宽的踏板以供两旁的工人踩踏。虽然以前的圆盘臂有轮辐可以直接用来驱动中心轴，但是更为先进的钩状臂更适合作为轮子边缘的弦来使用，这样可以用一个更细的轴来以供一个更大的机械利益。与常理相悖的是，中世纪建筑使用的起重机既不是安装在当时相当不可靠的脚手架上，也不是安装在哥特式教堂那纤细的墙上，那种墙不足以支撑起重机械和载荷的重量。当时的起重机是被安装在建筑物最初的底台上的，经常是在建筑物的内部。每当新的一层建成后，屋顶厚重的横梁和墙连在了一起，起重机被拆卸然后在那些在拱顶建造期间一根一根被搬运上来的顶梁上。这样，起重机就跟着建筑物一起升高和移动，这也是英格兰现存的建筑用起重机都是在保存在教
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