十六种英语时态讲解.doc

十六种英语时态讲解转引自：/logs/26990592.html英语时态音频讲解：/programs/view/lFvl6DgmnuM/英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例) 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时现在 study be studying have studied have been studying过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying将来 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。1. 一般现在时用法：A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B) 习惯用语。C) 经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）2. 现在进行时(be doing)用法：现在正在进行的动作。3. 现在完成时(have done)用法：A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。例：I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didnt sell B) sold C) havent sold D) would sell答案是C) havent sold。B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been challengedB) may be challenged D) are challenging全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）注意事项：A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。）B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）My sister has married. Dont disturb her.（终端动词）C) 在this is the first/ second/ third time that句型里要求用完成时。例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）D) 句型It is/ has beensince所使用的两种时态都正确。例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）E) 在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcely when、before、prior to等句型中，主句要求完成时。例：I havent met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例：It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A) had leaked B) is leakingC) leaked D) has been leaking从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。5. 一般过去时用法：A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）注意事项：A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都对。Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经，要求加动词原形；后者表示习惯于，要求加名词或动名词。6. 过去完成时(had done)用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示过去的过去的动作或状态。Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A) didnt hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearing D) hadnt heard全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didnt hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasnt been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasnt heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。=英语时态8种基本时态讲解 英语时态8种基本时态讲解一概念：英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态。二种类：（基本时态）一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时三用法：1一般现在时：1）一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态及客观现实和普遍真理。一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-s或-es。2）句型结构：主语.（包括be动词）宾语 She is an engineer. He has breakfast at 6:00every day.3）注意：a)一般现在时通常与always , often , usually , every day , sometimes , once a week 等时间状语连用。 I always watch TV at 8:00 in the evening . They go home once a week . We usually do our homework at home . b)表客观现实或普遍真理。 The sun always rises in the east . The light travels faster than the sound . c)表永远性的动作或状态。 He lives in the country .4）第三人称单数变化形式。 a)一般情况动词在词尾加-s . come-comes speak-speaks work-works live-lives b)以o, s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词在词后加-es. do-does go-goes finish-finishes brush-brushes fix-fixes pass-passes watch-watches c)以“辅音字母y”结尾的单词变y为i加-es. Study-studies carry-carries cry-cries d)以“元音字母y”结尾的单词直接加-s. play-plays stay-stays 例句：我们每天晚上九点做作业。我在早上七点半起床。他每天七点去上班。我们经常下午打篮球。他喜欢音乐。地球围绕太阳转。火车六点出发。5）否定句和疑问句。a)-He is an engineer. -He isnt an engineer. -Is he an engineer? -Yes, he is ./ No, he isnt. b)-We get up at 7:30 in the morning . -We dont get up at 7:30 in the morning . -Do you get up at 7:30 in the morning ? -Yes, we do. / No, we dont. c)-He likes music. -He doesnt like music. -Does he like music? -Yes ,he does./ No, he doesnt .2一般过去时1）一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last night ,some years ago, in 1990,in those days.等连用。I was a student 6years ago.I went to Beijing last year.They saw a film last night .2）句型结构：主语.过去时宾语例句：昨天他很忙。去年他抽烟了。两年前他去参军了。他在1990年去世了。3）否定句和疑问句。a)-He was busy yesterday. -He wasnt busy. -Was he busy? -Yes, he was./ No, he wasnt.b)-He smoked last year. -He didnt smoke last year. -Did he smoke last year? -Yes ,he did ./No ,he didnt.c)-He joined the army in 1990. -He didnt joined the army in 1990. -Did he join the army in 1990? -Yes ,he did ./No ,he didnt.4）动词过去式变化规则。 a)一般情况下的词加-ed. work-worked call-called laugh-laughed Explain-explained finish-finished knock-knocked b)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词直接加-d . live-lived change-changed smoke-smoked die-died graduate-graduated drive-drove c)以“辅音字母y”结尾的单词，变y为i加-ed. study-studied carry-carried cry-cried try-tried marry-married d)以“元音字母y”结尾的单词直接加-ed. play-played stay-stayed e)以“一个元音字母一个辅音字母”结尾的单词应先双写这个辅音字母然后再加-ed. stop-stopped plan-planned pat-patted f)动词不规则变化： do-did go-went come-came run-ran write-wrote begin-began drink-drank keep-kept leave-left sleep-slept make-made lie-lay dig-dug eat-ate know-knew cut-cut set-set let-let read-read hurt-hurt例句：我前天拿走了这本书。 去年我买了一辆自行车。 每天晚上我听音乐。 她通常待在家里。 两天前我完成了这项工作。复习：1) I (be) a teacher 2 years ago.2) He (be) a student now.3) He (do) his homework at home every day.4) They (join) the Party in 1998.5) We (not eat) apples yesterday.6) We (not play) basketball every day.7) He (not go ) home once a week.8) I am 16 years old. (划线部分提问)9) I go to work at 8:00 every morning. (划线部分提问)10) They joined the Party in 1990. (划线部分提问)11) I went to Beijing last year. (划线部分提问)3一般将来时1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表将来的时间状语tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a few days等连用。2)句型结构：主语will/shallV.原形（第一人称用shall） I shall go to Shanghai tomorrow. They will have a meeting next week. -She will be 20 years old. -Will she be 20 years old? -Yes, she will./ No, she wont .3)主语will/shallV.原形 be(am, is, are)going to They will have a meeting next Sunday. (will=are going to ) -What will they do next Sunday ? -When will they have a meeting?4) be about toV.原形 I am about to leave school.不能与表示时间的副词连用。They are about to set out.()They are about to set out soon.() 复习题： 1.He (do) his homework at school every day. 2.They (finish) their work yesterday. 3.We (visit) their farm next year. 4.我半小时后要吃午饭。 5.他将骑自行车去学校。 6.他们下周日将去买汽车。4过去将来时 1）过去将来时是立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看将要发生的动作或状态。主要用于宾语从句中。 2）基本结构：主语+would/should was/were going to +V.原形+ He said that he would have a meeting next week. (He says that he will nave a meeting next week.) They said we should leave school tomorrow. (They say we shall leave school tomorrow.)5现在进行时1)现在进行时表示现在或现在这段时间正在进行的动作。通常与now, at present 等时间状语连用。2)基本结构：主语+be(am, is, are)+ v-ing + You are listening to me carefully now. She is writing a letter this year. Look! They are dancing. We are studying English at present . Its raining hard now.3）动词现在分词的构成 一般动词直接在词后加-ingdo doing read - readingwork working think thinkingstudy studying go goingwatch watching jump - jumping 以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，应先去掉 e 然后加 inglike liking take takingleave leaving live livingreceive receiving dance dancingcome coming smoke smoking write - writing 以“一个元音字母 + 一个辅音字母”结尾的动词，应先双写这个辅音字母然后再加-ingstop stopping begin beginningdig digging swim swimmingrun running sit sitting(注意：listen listening open opening eat eating rain raining sleep - sleeping)4)6 过去进行时1） 表示过去某一时刻或某阶段时间正在进行的动作， 通常与 at 6:00 yesterday, at this/ that time yesterday, when 引导的时间状语等连用。2） 基本结构 主语+be (was/were) +v- ing +1. It was raining at 7:00 the day before yesterday.2. They were building a reservoir at this time last winter.3. We were reading when the teacher came in.We werent readingWere you readingWhat were you doing when the teacher came in.3) 例句 1. 前天那个时候Tom 正在看电影。 2. 上周日四点我们正在游泳。3.师看见我们时我们正在玩扑克。4. I _ (do) my homework yesterday.5. He _ (do) his homework at 5:00 yesterday.6. He _ (do) his homework now.7.现在完成时1） 1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响2表示过去某时间已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态通常与下列时间状语连用 up to now, in the past, recently, by , for 5 years, since 1994, so far, already, yet, ever, just2) 基本结构 主语+ have/has + P.P(动词过去分词)1. Ive finished this work.2. He has ever been to Australia.3. I have not heard from her recently.4. I have already read this book. Have you read? Yes, I have. No, I havent. What have you read?3) 过去分词的构成 （规则变化同过去式的构成）不规则变化如下 do did done go went goneeat ate eaten come came comehave had hadwrite wrote writtenbe was/were beensee saw seenhear heard heardswim swam swumdrink drank drunk give gave givenforget forgot forgottentake took takenkeep kept keptsleep slept sleptteach taught taughtbuy bought bought tell told told make made madecut cut cut hurt hurt hurtread read read let let let4） 注意1. 含有终止意义或暂短意义的动词不能与 for, since 引导的一般时间状语连用。（buy, begin, die, come, go , join, leave 等）A) I have bought a book.I have bought a book for 3 day. (wrong)I have had a book for 3 years.B) He have joined the army for 3 years. (wrong)He has been in the army for 3 years.He joined the army 3 years ago.C) He has been dead for 3 years.He died 2 years ago.It is 2 years since he died.He has died for 2 years. (wrong)D) He has gone to Australia.He has been to Australia.2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 （时间状语的区别）I _ (hear) form her recently / yesterday.3. 例句：他已经阅读了这本书。我们到目前为止已学习了两千个单词。他们居住在中国三年了。他看这部电影两次了。Bob 自从 1997 年在这所学校教学。8.过去完成时1） 表示动作发生在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作或状态， 强调“过去的过去”， 常与 by the time, by the end of,before , by 等引导时间的状语连用。2） 基本结构 主语+ had + 动词过去分词 + When I got to the cinema yesterday the film had begun already.昨天当我到达电影院时电影已经开始了。He had learned English before he came here.他来这儿之前已经学会英语了。He had aught this class for 3 years by the time I left the school.当我离开这个学校为止 他已教这个班级三年了。By the end of last term I had learned 2000 English words.到这学期末我已学会了2000 个英语单词。时态部分总复习题 I. Fill in the blanks.1. We usually _ (get ) up at 7:00 every morning.2. She _ (watch) TV when she heard a loud knock at the door this time yesterday.3. My mother _ (come) here tomorrow.4. Look ! Some one _ (dance) there.5. Wei Huas brother _ (join) the army in 1995.6. He _ (write) a letter this afternoon.7. Rice _ (grow) in the south of China.8. She said _ (go) to Japan next year.9. We _ (study) 2,000 words since we came to the school.10. By the end of last term he _ (teach) that class for 2 years.II. Translation(1) 我每天早上7 点通常打篮球。(2) 昨天我去游泳了。(3) 昨天他说他们将于后天去参观长城。(4) 我们将在下学期学习俄语。(5) 他现在正在玩游戏。(6) 去年冬天这个时候他们正在盖房子。(7) 我居住在山东20 年了。(8) 到上月末为止他工作十年了英语时态练习（1）1.“Whatsthematter?”“Afriendofminesoldmearadiothat_.” A.didntworkB.doesntwork C.nottoworkD.hasntworked 2.“Whatshernewtelephonenumber?”“Oh，I_.” A.forgetB.forgot C.hadforgottenD.amforgetting 3.Hehaschangedalot.He_notatallwhathe_yearsago. A.is，isB.was，was C.is，wasD.was，is 4.I_quitegetwhatyousaid；wouldyouspeakalittlelouder? A.dontB.cant C.didntD.wont 5.Imafraidthosedaysaregoneandthey_again. A.willnevercome B.havenevercome C.nevercame D.arenevercoming 6.“Mary，thephoneisringing.”“Oh，_it.” A.Imgoingtoget B.Illget C.Iget D.Ivegot 7.“Haveyouevereatensnails?”“No，andIhopeI_.” A.willneverB.neverwill C.haveneverD.neverhave 8.ImissedwhatwashappeningbecauseI_veryclosely. A.hadntwatchedB.dontwatch C.haventwatchedD.wasntwatching 9.“Isupposeyou_thatreportyet?”“Ifinishedityesterday，asamatteroffact.” A.didntfinishB.haventfinished C.hadntfinishedD.wasntfinishing 10.Ileftmypenonthedeskandnowitsgone；who_it? A.tookB.hastakenC.willtakeD.hadtaken 11.YoullneverguesswhoImettodaymyoldteacher!We_for20years. A.didntmeetB.haventmetC.dontD.couldntmeet 12.Ithinkyoumustbemistakenaboutseeinghimatthetheatre；Imsurehe_abroadallweek. A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.hadbeen 13.IfeelsureI_herbeforesomewhere，forherfaceissofamiliartome. A.wastomeetB.havemetC.hadmetD.wouldmeet 14.Hedidntsellhalfasmanycomputersashethoughthe_. A.hadB.would C.wasD.sold 15.I_forfiveminutes；whydonttheycome? A.amcallingB.called C.wascallingD.havebeencalling 16.“Dontthrowthewasteontheground.”“Oh，Imverysorry.I_thedustbinthere.” A.dontseeB.isntseeingC.didntseeD.haventseen 17.“Howistheweatherinyourcountrythissummer?”“It_aslittleasitdoesnowforalongtime.” A.hasntrainedB.doesntrainC.wasntrainingD.didntrain 18.“DoesLiuHuiserveinthearmy?”“No，buthe_inthearmyforthreeyears.” A.servedB.hasservedC.isservingD.wouldserve 19.“Doyouknowifthebasketballgamehasstartedyet?”“Started?Itmustbecertainwho_bynow.” A.iswinningB.winsC.haswonD.wouldwin 20.“Imsorry；Ishouldnthavebeensorudetoyou.”“You_yourtemperbutthatsOK.” A.havelostB.hadlostC.d