宏观经济学论文-从物价飞涨浅谈通货膨胀

balanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee two learn a do learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County two learn a do learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the partys nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPCs disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of four must, the four upholdings, mastering various types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. To XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of four grassroots immediately on do drop weak bird first fly and the in Nanping research study proposed of gravity Xia moved, and innovation mechanism, important thought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of calcium, set right of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) four a full Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with four a full led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue从物价飞涨浅谈通货膨胀作者：熊杰摘要：从2006年开始我国出现了通货膨胀的迹象，到2010年通货膨胀不断加剧，我国的通货膨胀是一种结构性的通货膨胀，所以单纯地采取一些财政政策、货币政策只能治标而不能治本。因此，要想从根本上解决我国的通胀问题，必须要改革我国的分配结构。关键词：通货膨胀 国民经济 治理措施一、我国通货膨胀的现状从2006年开始，我国的CPI指数开始快速增长，虽然一些专家指出我国现在不具备通货膨胀的特征（张汉亚，盛洪，2007），但一度达到8.7%（一般来说，当CPI3%的增幅时我们成为inflation，就是通货膨胀，当CPI5%的增幅时，我们称为serious inflation,就是严重的通货膨胀）的CPI增长速度还是让人感觉到了巨大的通货膨胀的压力。针对这种情况，央行从2006年8月至今，已经19次提高了存款准备金率。今日，贵州一中学学生不满饭菜涨价，打砸学校食堂，也间接说明了物价上涨引起的严重后果。目前，中央及各地政府正采取各种措施抑制通货膨胀增长过快的现象。二、通货膨胀的定义通货膨胀指经济社会中一定时期商品和劳务的货币价格水平持续和显著上涨。也即表现为在纸币流通条件下，因货币供给大于货币实际需求，现实购买力大于产出供给,导致货币贬值，由此而引起的一段时期内物价持续而普遍地上涨的现象。其实质是社会总需求大于社会总供给。通货膨胀的程度通常用通货膨胀率来衡量。对一国经济而言，有三个问题最为重要：其一，经济增长；其二，通货膨胀；其三，失业率。经济增长是大国最关心的；而通货膨胀则伴随着许多像我国这样的发展中国家。三、出现通货膨胀的原因(一)、需求拉动型通货膨胀 需求拉动的通货膨胀是指总需求超过总供给所引起的一般价格水平的持续显著上涨。即太多的货币追逐太少的货物，按照凯恩斯的解释，如果总需求上升到大于总供给的地步，过度的需求是能引起物价水平的普遍上升。所以，任何总需求增加的任何因素都可以是造成需求拉动的通货膨胀的具体原因。 (二)、成本推动型通货膨胀 成本或供给方面的原因形成的通货膨胀。指在没有过度需求的情况下，由于供给方面成本的提高所引起的一般价格水平持续和显著地上涨。造成成本向上移动的原因大致有：工资过度上涨；利润过度增加；进口商品价格上涨。成本推动型通货膨胀又可分为工资推动通货膨胀和利润推动通货膨胀。(三)、结构性通货膨胀 结构性通货膨胀是指在没有需求拉动和成本推动的情况下，只是由于经济结构因素的变动而出现一般价格水平的持续上涨。发生结构性通货膨胀具体来说有以下三种情况：第一，某些经济部门的劳动生产率比另一些经济部门的劳动生产率提高得快；第二，与世界市场联系紧密的开放经济部门的劳动生产率比与世界市场没有直接联系的封闭经济部门的劳动生产率提高得快；第三，各部门的产品供求关系不同。四、对国民经济的影响通货膨胀是宏观经济失衡的一种表现，必将对社会经济生活产生影响。如果社会的通货膨胀率是稳定的，人们可以完全预期，那么通货膨胀率对社会经济生活的影响很小。因为在这种可预期的通货膨胀之下，各种名义变量（如名义工资、名义利息率等）都可以根据通货膨胀率进行调整，从而使实际变量（如实际工资、实际利息率等）不变。这时通货膨胀对社会经济生活的的唯一影响，是人们将减少他们所持有的现金量。但是，在通货膨胀率不能完全预期的情况下，通货膨胀将会影响社会收入分配及经济活动。因为这时人们无法准确地根据通货膨胀率来调整各种名义变量，以及他们应采取的经济行为。通货膨胀对国民经济的影响会由其程度、持续时间、成因以及表现形式等的不同而不同，而且会由于不同的经济和社会经济环境而有所不同。在现代经济社会中，绝大多数人都是认为通货膨胀对国民经济会产生巨大的不良影响。1. 破坏生产发展。通货膨胀使企业的各项专用基金贬值，增加生产投资的风险和经营成本，不利于企业的技术进步和生产效率的提高，另外，会影响生产情绪，影响生产者的劳动生产率的提高。2. 扰乱流通秩序。通货膨胀使市场价格信号失真，使资源盲目流动组合，引起社会资源的巨大浪费，使商品需求发生变化，变态的需求和抢购行为最终更加剧通货膨胀。3. 破坏分配。通货膨胀使实际工资水平下降，企业利润相应增加，从而加剧社会分配不公，破坏社会公正，还会诱发社会不安和道德危机，另外还会导致财政支出大幅增加。4. 对金融业的影响。发生通货膨胀时，银行的利息负担会减轻，但实际利息收入会减少；降低金融机构的运营效率；破坏正常的信用活动，甚至引发货币信用危机；通货膨胀还会使货币符号丧失价值储藏职能，有可能引起银行破产、倒闭，甚至引起政治危机。五、通货膨胀的治理措施通货膨胀，尤其是恶性的通货膨胀对国民经济所带来的破坏性影响极大，各国政府都非常重视，一旦发生了通货膨胀，必须下决心及时治理。由于通货膨胀是一个十分复杂的经济现象，其产生的原因是多方面的，所以需要我们有针对性地根据原因采取不同的治理对策， 对症下药。至于具体的应对策略，不同的经济学流派有不同的侧重点，但基本上都是从如何减少货币供应或降低总需求等方面入手。政府可以运用的政策工具包括财政政策、货币政策、投资政策、汇率政策、外贸政策等。这种治理应该是多方面综合进行的。主要有以下方法：（一）控制货币供应量。使之与货币需求量相适应，稳定币值以稳定物价。而要控制货币供应量，必须实行适度从紧的货币政策，控制货币投放，保持适度的信贷规模，由中央银行运用各种货币政策工具灵活有效地调控货币信用总量，将货币供应量控制在与客观需求量相适应的水平上。 （二）调节和控制社会总需求。对于需求拉动型通货膨胀，调节和控制社会总需求是个关键。各国对于社会总需求的调节和控制，主要是通过制定和实施正确的财政政策和货币政策来实现。 在财政政策方面，主要是大力压缩财政支出，努力增加财政收入，坚持收支平衡，不搞赤字财政。在货币政策方面，主要采取紧缩信贷，控制货币投放，减少货币供应总量的措施。采用财政政策和货币政策相配合，综合治理通货膨胀，两条很重要的途径是：控制固定资产投资规模和控制消费基金过快增长，以此来实现控制社会总需求的目的。 （三）增加商品的有效供给，调整经济结构。治理通货膨胀必须从两个方面同时入手：一方面控制总需求；另一方面增加总供给。二者不可偏废。若一味控制总需求而不着力于增加总供给，将影响经济增长，只能在低水平上实现均衡，最终可能因加大了治理通货膨胀的代价而前功尽弃 一般来说，增加有效供给的主要手段是降低成本，减少消耗，提高经济效益。提高投入产出的比例，同时，调整产业和产品结构，支持短缺商品的生产。 （四）其他政策。除了控制需求，增加供给，调整结构之外，还有一些诸如限价、减税、指数化等其他的治理通货膨胀的政策。 总之，通货膨胀会对国民经济造成巨大影响，而对通货膨胀现象的治理并不是简单地根据原因分析解决，也不能机械僵化地照搬别人或自己以往的经验。并且对症下药也要以某一方案为主或优先，同时结合其他治理方案综合进行。也就是说，治理通货膨胀是一项系统工程，各治理方案相互配合才能取得理想的效果。参考文献：【1】吴文盛 宏观经济学 清华大学出版社【2】中国当代通货膨胀理论研究 上海财经大学【3】陈友龙 缪代文 现代西方经济学 中国人民大学出版社本实验的教学目的是使学生在了解与掌握物联网基本架构、物联网关键技术以及物联网发展现状的基础上，通过对物联网在诸多典型领域应用的深度学习与分析总结，使学生对物联网的应用有真实全面的认识full strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 . Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party members consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some dont even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the partys purpose. Focus on peoples conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely wit