华东政法大学考博英语2014年真题.doc

华东政法大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分 基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was _ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.A sneakedB praised C flailedD rebuked2. He _ at his watch before he left the office.A glancedB glimpsedC glaredD scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are _ such aid. A complaining aboutB recipients of C dissatisfied withD turned down for4. The _ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment. A unscrupulousB resplendentC divineD deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually _ when it was first published, and it was not until many years later that Melvilles achievements were _. A renowned . relegatedB notorious. justified C hailed . understoodD ignored . recognized6. He refused to _ that he was defeated. A burlesqueB conceiveC acknowledgeD probe7. The people stood _ at the beautiful picture. A glaringB gazingC peepingD gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _ of impartiality. A stanceB mottoC pretenseD commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies products, and started designing, _ and marketing his own. A fashioningB assemblingC pruningD slashing10. This law _ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road when they get off the bus. A intends reducingB intends to be reducedC is intended to reduceD is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_in Europe for two weeks. A shall stayB have stayedC will have stayedD have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _ our thinking. A which to be based on B which to base uponC upon which to base D to which to be based13. The little man was _ one meter fifty high. A almost more than B hardly more thanC nearly more than D as much as14. The young applicant is under great _ at the thought of up-coming job interview.A comprehension B apprehensionC miscomprehension D concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that _ Shanghai is well on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.A imperceptiblyB conceivably C deceivablyD imaginatively16. I would rather _ trouble and hardship like that than _ by others. A had.take care of B havetaken care ofC hadtaken care of D have be taken care of17. One difficulty _ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that those components are not completely independent of one another.A of isolationB in isolatingC will isolate D to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _ a total collapse of investor confidence.A amounts toB equals toC is added up to D reaches to19. Its a general practice for small factories to _ more workers during times of prosperity, and lay off some when recession hits.A take inB take overC take onD take up20. To _ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.A ensureB guarantee C assureD fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mothers.A discrete B distinctive C distinct D discreet 22. She gave him back the money shed stolen for the sake of her .A conscientious B consciousness C conscious D conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.A evolve B elevate C evoke D evince24. Im afraid our food stock will be _ before long.A put up B stayed upC saved upD used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great _ for anything that is oriental and exoticA visionB emotionC contributionD passion26. The subways and buses tend to be _ during the rush hours.A overcrowded B overwhelmedC overshadowed D overgrown27. Every _ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.A pleasureB measureC pressureD leisure 28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here. A what B in whichC as D which29. I _ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.A meantB has meantC was meaningD had meant30. When it comes _ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.A to helpB and helpsC to helpingD to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they wont get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but its incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadnt inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didnt were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the universitys agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.31. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from _.A Europe B an American research organizationC a meat processing plant D an animal farm32. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to _.A get pigs of larger size in a shorter timeB make sows produce more milkC make cows produce more milkD make pigs grow more lean meat33. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois _.A was criticized by the FDAB is in great troubleC is required by the FDA to call back the sold pigletsD may have to pay the penalty34. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets _.A may have side effects on consumers B may be harmful to consumersC are safe to consumers D may cause human illness35. It can be inferred from this passage that _.A all the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringB part of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringC none of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringD half of the offspring have their mothers genetic engineeringPassage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we dont walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinermans sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of mans survival has to do with his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90 miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything thats technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the countrys dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, its possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you cant walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.36. The main idea of this article is that _. A Americans are too attached to their cars.B American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.C the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.D automobiles endanger both the environment and people. 37. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _.A people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.B kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously than gasoline-burning engines do.C Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.D it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.38. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _.A technology is always good for people.B technology is not always good for people.C financial profit is more important than technological advancement.D technological advancement will improve financial profit.39. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _.A a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.B people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.C public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upon their cars for inner-city transportation.D the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.40. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _, if public transportation were improved.A the inner city might improveB the middle class would move to the suburbsC public roads would get worseD there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title: How to handle psychological pressure in todays competitive lifeNOTES: Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分 专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehension There are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks. Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。 I. JurisprudenceIt is practically impossible to imagine constitutional law without dissent. The very first opinion in the Charter era the Patriation Reference was marked by it. Dissent is powerful and evocative, even mythic; it suggests roads not taken and parallel universes. It evokes a fundamental and, sometimes, unsettling contingency about law. It can be problematic, disrupting easy understandings of how to a court “gets it right” and, thus, damaging to a courts legitimacy. Yet, dissent has positive aspects, too. It can: better articulate norms and understandings underlying key decision-rules; provide a counternarrative to prevailing orthodoxy; lay the foundation for future development of law; provide a necessary outlet for disagreement that otherwise might constrain and frustrate judicial actors; and even secure broader acceptance of a majority decision by showing that it is a product of deliberation. In this paper, I present another possible “upside” to dissent that focuses on the issue in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A: equality. First, I canvass two ways that dissent manifests in Charter jurisprudence: one (functional) relating to the judiciarys appropriate role in constitutional disputes; and the other (principled) relating to the identification, scope or application of rules and norms. The two models are richly represented in equality jurisprudence. In the Supreme Courts first Section 15 case, Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia, the Court divided over the functional question of how closely the Court should scrutinize legislated difference. In subsequent cases, the Court has struggled to reach consensus on the meaning of equality itself an issue of principle. The fact that equality jurisprudence has been characterized by chronic disagreement might appear unfortunate. But my review of section 15 case law suggests that, by providing the space to fully flesh out points of disagreement, dissent has contributed to richer accounts of equality. Borrowing the language of Cass Sunstein, I suggest that a divided equality decision that is the result of failure to reach agreement on “deep” issues is preferable to one that, as the price of unanimity, remains “shallow”. I conclude that the decision in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A is deep rather than shallow and so, despite its frustrating divisions, it is on the whole better than many of the unanimous equality decisions that preceded it.41. The author listed the following positive aspects of dissent BUT ( ) (a) It provides a counternarrative to prevailing orthodoxy. (b) It can lay the foundation for future development of law. (c) It can provide a necessary outlet for disagreement. (d) It can be damaging to a courts legitimacy.42. From the third paragraph,