M4U3语法被动语态.doc

M4U3 Grammar and usage(被动语态)一被动语态概念语态(Voice)，作为一个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词行式。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。当主语为动作执行者即施动者时，动词用主动态；如果主语是动作的承受者即受动者时，动词便用被动态。例如：John helped Peter.(主动) Peter was helped by John.（被动）二被动语态构成被动语态由助动词be的时态之一和及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可用于各种时态，其时态变化通过助动词be的不同形式来体现。一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词 一般过去时：was/were +过去分词 一般将来时：will (shall) + be +过去分词 be going to + be + 过去分词过去将来时：should(would) be+过去分词现在进行时：am/is/are + being +过去分词过去进行时：was/were being+过去分词将来完成时：will have been+过去分词现在完成时：has/have + been +过去分词过去完成时：had been+过去分词过去将来完成时：would have been+过去分词注：过去将来完成时表示从过去某一时间看，将来某时将会已经完成的动作。三含情态动词的被动语态情态动词被动语态的结构为：一般式：情态动词（can, could, may, might, must, should, need等）+ be+过去分词.完成式：情态动词（can, could, may, might, must, should, need等）+ have+ been+过去分词。例如：1）You neednt mention his plan in your speech. (主动)His plan neednt be mentioned in your speech.（被动） 2）You might have completed your task ahead of time. (主动)Your task might have been completed ahead of time. （被动）四被动语态特殊用法（一）句式It+be+said/reported/expected/proved/supposed等+that从句。例如：1) It is reported that they are sailing in the Pacific.=They are reported to be sailing in the Pacific. 2) It is said that Mr. Bell invented the first telephone. =Mr. Bell is said to have invented the first telephone.当不定式to后的动作早于不定式to前的动作发生，不定式to后的动作应用现在完成时，表示动作的完成。例如：The old bridge is said to have been built in the early 1930s.(二）含有动词短语的主动句变为被动句时，不要漏掉其后的介词或副词。例如：We must take good care of the children. (主动)The children must be taken good care of.（被动）(三）被动语态常在不知道动作的执行者或者是要强调动作的承受者时才用。助动词be有时可被系动词get替换，即“get+过去分词”，也可表示被动概念。例如：You are wanted on the phone.(四）固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better的被动形式。主动 被动be going to be going to be doneused to used to be donehave to have to be donehad better had better be done例如：The little boy used to send newspapers here. (主动)Newspapers used to be sent here by the little boy. （被动）(五）“宾语+补语”又叫复合宾语，变被动语态时，只将宾语变为被动句的主语，补语位置保持不动，但是其变为主语补足语了。例如：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette in the toilet. (主动)The boy was caught smoking a cigarette in the toilet. （被动）(六） 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面用动词不定式作宾语补足语时，主动结构中不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.例如：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. (主动)A stranger was seen to walk into the building. （被动）(七） 主动语态表示被动意义的词 1感官动词和系动词如：look, smell, feel, prove, wear, sound, taste等。 The cloth feels very soft, I like it very much.2某些表示主语由内在品质或性能的动词也用主动形式表被动意义，常见的有：wash, write, sell, read, open, shut, keep，read, clean, sell, cook, close, lock等。例如： （1）. That kind of dress washes well.（2）. This type of computer sells well among teenagers.3. want, need ,require, take, be worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。例如： (1) . She bought me a book, which is worth reading.(2). All the windows in the meeting room need washing.4. 在“be+形容词+ to do”句型中。常用于此句型形容词有easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable等。例如： (1). English words are difficult to remember. 英语单词很难记。(2). She told me that the fish was not fit to eat.五不可用被动语态的情况。1. 不及物动词或短语不能用于被动语态。例如：appear, rise, happen, lie, arrive, exist, belong to, take place, set sail for, consist of等。例如：1. Six members consist of the committee. 2. You shouldnt take what doesnt belong to you.2. 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态。英语中有些动词表示某种状态或情况，这类动词不能用于被动语态。常见的有：fit, mean, have, hold, cost, contain, become, last, fail等。例如： 1. The flat cost him around one million RMB.2. This book contains all the phrases you have learnt.语法专项练习1. _ a new library _ in our school last year? A. Is; builtB. Was; builtC. Does; buildD. Did; build2. An accident _ on this road last week. A. has been happenedB. was happened C. is happenedD. happened3. -Do you have any problems if you_this job? -Well, Im thinking about the salaryA. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered 4. So far, the moon _ by man already. A. is visitedB. will be visitedC. has been visitedD. was visited5. A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week. A. is givenB. has been given C. will be givenD. gives6. A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doingB. are being doneC. has been done D. will be done 7. The doctor _ for yet. A. isnt sentB. hasnt been sentC. wont be sentD. wasnt sent8. -When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A. did; useB. was; usedC. is; usedD. are; used9. Mary _ show me her new dictionary. A. has asked toB. was asked toC. is askedD. asks to10. A story _ by Granny yesterday. A. was told usB. was told to usC. is told usD. told us11. The monkey was seen _ off the tree. A. jumpB. jumpsC. jumpedD. to jump12. Older people _ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after13. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served14. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had been C. has D. had15. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year?A. would be completed B. will be completed C. had been completedD. is being completed16. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic of China _ in 1949.A. have taken place; was founded B. has taken place; was foundedC. have been taken place; foundedD. took place; founded17.Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy? She has _ by her classmates.A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at18. Doctors _ in every part of the world.A. need B. are needingC. are neededD. will need19. I promise that matter will _.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 20. No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.A. been given B. givenC. to give D. be given21. Can such a thing _ happening again?A. prevent from B. prevented from C. be prevented from D. to prevent from22. It _ whether she will get her work in the hospital.A. hasnt been decidedB. isnt decidingC. doesnt decideD. hasnt decided23. The pen _ me. It is hers.A. isnt belong to B. wasnt belong to C. doesnt belong to D. didnt belong to 24. I cant use my bike because it _.A. is repairingB. is being repairedC. will repairD. was repairing25. The chairman told the speaker that she _ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _.A. was expected; heardB.had expected; hear C.had hoped;hearD. was hoped; heard26. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing. A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed 27.How long _ at this job?Since 1990. (NMET 2003北京春季, 27)A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed28. Rainforests and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. (2002 上海春季, 30)A. cutB. are cutC. are being cutD. had been cut29. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because