英语写作1.ppt

大学英语写作教案 一造句 P 2 二写作中经常用到的并列连词和连接副词 P3 4 第二章段落的构成 5 一段落和提纲 5 7 二段落主题句 7 10 三段落的统一性 10 13 四段落的连贯性 14 19 五过渡语 20 30 第一章 一 造句 1 熟悉五种基本句型1 主语 谓语 不及物动词 Theearthtrembled 2 主语 谓语 及物动词 宾语 Theearthquakedestroyedthecity 3 主语 谓语 联系动词 主语补足语 Thetreesareoaks 4 主语 谓语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 Businessgavethemuseummoney 5 主语 谓语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 TheresultsprovedJanewrong 二写作中经常用到的并列连词 用并列连词连接单词 词组或分句 可以增加句子的内容 加强句子的表达力 并列连词 AndbutFornoBoth andNotonly butalsoNot butEither or OryetSoNeither norWhether orAs as 二写作中经常用到的连接副词 连接副词连接分句 以说明分句之间的关系 连接副词 AccordinglyAlsoAnywayBesidesCertainlyConsequentlyFinallyFurther FurthermoreHenceHoweverIncidentallyIndeedInsteadLikewisemeanwhile MoreoverNamelyNeverthelessNextNonethelessNowOtherwisesimilarly StillSubsequentlyThenThereafterThereforeThusundoubtedly 第二章段落的构成 我们在写文章之前应该拟出一个提纲 而提纲的每一个要点都能发展成一个段落 段落是指一组相互关联 用来阐述某一中心思想的句子群 例如 要写一段中心思想是 Iprefertoliveinthecity 的段落请拟一个提纲 1 Transportationandcommunicationismoreconvenientthaninthecountry 2 Culturallifeisricher 3 Materiallifeisbetter 一段落和提纲 我们修改一下提纲 1 Culturelifeisricher 2 Materiallifeisbetter 3 Transportationandcommunicationismoreconvenient 请写出下面短文的提纲 Growingcitiesusemoreland Overtheyears LosAngeleshasbeenspreadingout Thecityhasalsobeenusinglandinnewways Muchofthelandisusedforlargeroadscalledfreeways ThefreewaysconnectthemanycommunitiesthatarepartofLosAngeles Thecityhasgrownhigher Officebuildings hotelsandstoresarenowtaller Publicplaces suchassportsstadiums havegrownbigger TheymustfitthegrowingnumberofpeoplethatNowliveinthecity Todaymorethan7millionpeopleliveinLosAngeles Growingcitymeansmorepeople too 提纲可以写成 1 Moreland 2 BuildingsHigherandBigger 3 MorePeople 二段落主题句 topicsentence 主题句 每一段落只能包含一个中心思想 表达这一中心思想的句子就是主题句 请找出下面段落的主题句 Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual sintelligence Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisbornwith Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably somebeingmorecapablethanothers Butnomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligenceunlesshehasopportunitiestolearn Sothesecondfactoriswhathappenstotheindividual thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisbroughtup Ifanindividualisinpoorenvironment itislikelythathisbrainwillfailtodevelopandhewillneverattainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheiscapable 主题句位于句首 后面的辅助句发展主题句的中心意念 请找出下面段落的主题句 InthesmallFrenchtown thetownclerkspendstwohoursorsotalkinginthecafeeveryday Thevillagedoctoroftendropsinforanaperitifwhenheisbetweencalls PeoplefromoutlyingsectionsofthevalleywhocometothevillageonlyonofficialbusinessatthetownhalldropintothecafeandleavenewsofTheirneighborhood ThroughthecafeownerthepostmanrelaysMessagesthathehasbeengivenonhisroute Withtheseandmanyothersourcesofinformationathisdisposal thecafeownerusuallyknowsbetterthananyoneelseinthevillagethenewsofthecommunity 本段落主题句位于段末 前面的辅助句首先充分发挥某一中心意念 然后逐渐收拢 最后以主题句点睛 请找出下面段落的主题句 Inthepastitwaspossibletoknowinadvancewhatoccupationswouldexistwhenaboybecomeaman TodaytheLifespanofoccupationshasalsobeencompressed ThecomputerProgrammer whowasfirstheardofinthe1950 s willbeasextinctastheblacksmithwithinanumberofyears IndividualsNowtrainforaprofessionandlookforwardtoremaininginthatprofessionfortheentireperiodoftheirworkinglife YetwithinaGenerationthenotionofservinginasingleoccupationforone sentirelifemayseemquaintlyantique Individualsmayneedtobetrainedtoservesuccessivelyinthree four orhalfadozendifferentprofessionsinthecourseofacareer Thejobwillnolongerserveasman sanchorandorganizingprinciple 该段落主题句位于段落中间 Individualsmayneedtobetrainedtoservesuccessivelyinthree four orhalfadozendifferentprofessionsinthecourseofacareer 三段落的统一性 unity 一段文章只应该集中说明一个问题或一个问题的某一方面 只能叙述一件事情或一件事情的某一阶段 句子是一组词汇在某一语法形式下的集合 段落则是一组句子在某一中心思想下的逻辑组合 中心思想通常包含在主题句中 其他的事实 例证 说理等都应围绕这一中心思想以辅助句的形式出现 统一性原则是写好英语段落的极其重要的原则 因此 我们在写作时要摈弃一切与本段的中心 主题无关的句子 Thebrightchildrenispatient Hecantolerateuncertaintyandfailureandwillkeeptryinguntilhegetsananswer Whenallhisexperimentsfail hecanevenadmittohimselfandothersthatforthetimebeingheisnotgoingtogetananswer Thismayannoyhim buthecanwait Veryoften hedoesnotwanttobetoldhowtodotheproblemorsolvethepuzzlehehasstruggledwith becausehedoesnotwanttobecheatedoutofthechancetofigureItoutforhimselfinthefailure Thisisnotsoforthedullchild Hecan tstanduncertaintyorfailure Tohim anunansweredquestionIsnotachallengeoranopportunity butathreat Ifhecan tfindtheanswerquickly itmustbegiventohim andquickly andhemusthaveanswersforeverything 这段文字的中心思想十分明确 即论述聪明孩子和不聪明孩子在对待疑难问题时的不同态度 第一部分论述聪明孩子的态度 第二部分进行对比 却不枝不蔓 请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子 Booksareplacedonthelibraryshelvesinnumericalorder Inotherwords allthebooksononesubjectareputtogetherunderthesamenumber forexample allbooksonUnitedStateshistoryarenumbered973 andareplacedtogetheronthe973shelforshelves Ofcourse suchbooksareborrowedmostlybystudentswholearnhistory 把最后一句去掉 请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子 Malthuscalculatedthattwoparentswouldhavefourchildren Thefourchildrenwouldmarry Eachchildwouldhavefourchildren Thiswouldgoonandon Inourcountry mostpeopleLikeboybabies Inthisway thepopulationwouldgrowveryrapidly Infact hethoughtitwoulddoubleeverytwenty fiveyears iffoodwasavailable 将 Inourcountry mostpeoplelikeboybabies 去掉 四段落的连贯性 coherence 段落的连贯性着眼于句与句之间的连接与组织 它包含句与句之间外部结构及过渡词 transition 的通迅自然和内部逻辑关系的清晰明确 英语写作与汉语写作是完全不同的 不能将头脑中的汉语句子译成英语 英语民族的思维模式是线性的 因此往往先有一个主题句 然后沿着这一线索发展 这一思维模式决定了每一句子都是为了辅助说明中心思想而自然流畅地承接前面的句子 就像一条流淌的意识流 ItisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionoftheNecessaryinformation Thiscangenerallyobtainedfrombooks Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeech andofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory Itisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmetalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguage betweenthespeechhabitsoftheEnglishpeopleandofthose say ofyourstudents Unlesstheteacherhassuchapicture anycommentshemayonhisstudents Pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuse andlesstimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetimewasted 范文 这是一段符合连贯性原则的文章 主题句首先指出教师应具有一定的语音知识 然后分两个大层次展开 1 教师的这些知识可以通过书本获得 2 否则 语音课的教学效果就可能不佳 第一个大层次又分为两个小层次 以两个例子说明可以获得书本知识的途径 整个段落层次清楚 脉络分明 再加上适当的过度词this and unless等的运用 完全达到了连贯的目的 给下列段落的句子作适当的调整 使其符合连贯性原则 一Inanexperiment severalpeoplewereputinanairtightroom Everyonefeltveryuncomfortable Theairsoonbecamewarmandmoist Theamountofcarbondioxideincreasedandtheamountofoxygendecreased Then withoutlettinginanyfreshair andelectricfanwasturnedon Almostassoonastheairwassetinmotion everyonebecamecomfortableagain Inanexperiment severalpeoplewereputinanairtightroom Theairsoonbecamewarmandmoist Theamountofcarbondioxideincreasedandtheamountofoxygendecreased Everyonefeltveryuncomfortable Then withoutlettinginanyfreshair andelectricfanwasturnedon Almostassoonastheairwassetinmotion everyonebecamecomfortableagain 调整以后的句子 给下列段落的句子作适当的调整 使其符合连贯性原则 二Thereforedrivinginstreetstodayisnotsafeasusedtobe Inrecentyears inthebiggercitiesinthecountry therehavearisentrafficproblems forcars trucks busesandbicycleshaveincreasedinnumber sizeandspeed Asaresultthestreetsaremorecrowdedthaneverbefore Tomakemattersworsethepopulationiseverontheincrease 调整以后的句子 Inrecentyears inthebiggercitiesinthecountry therehavearisentrafficproblems forcars trucks busesandbicycleshaveincreasedinnumber sizeandspeed Thereforedrivinginstreetstodayisnotsafeasusedtobe Asaresultthestreetsaremorecrowdedthaneverbefore Tomakemattersworsethepopulationiseverontheincrease 给下列段落的句子作适当的调整 使其符合连贯性原则 三Observersreportthatapersonusuallygetsrestlessbeforeadream Assoonasthemachineindicatesthatthedreamisover abuzzerwakensthesleeper Oncethedreamhasstarted hisbodyrelaxesandhiseyesbecomemoreactive asifthecurtainhadgoneuponashow Hesitsup recordshisdream andgoesbacktosleep perhapstodreamsomemore Observersreportthatapersonusuallygetsrestlessbeforeadream Oncethedreamhasstarted hisbodyrelaxesandhiseyesbecomemoreactive asifthecurtainhadgoneuponashow Assoonasthemachineindicatesthatthedreamisover abuzzerwakensthesleeper Hesitsup recordshisdreamandgoesbacktosleep perhapstodreamsomemore 调整以后的句子 五过渡语 transition 过渡语 它可以是一个词 一个短语 一种语法手段 或者是一种表达方式 用来使句与句 段与段之间逻辑地连接起来 使他们相互之间关系明确 推动文章向前发展或使文章意义转折 使发展脉络清楚明白 代词和连词可以是过渡语 同义词的运用 重复某一词语或平行结构等 都可以是过渡语 修辞疑问句可以是过渡语 甚至某些符号如 1 2 3 a b c 在列举事物时 也可以作为过渡语 许多学生对于过渡语这一术语感到陌生 但在实际写作中却常常有意无意地运用着它 过渡语在英语写作中极为重要 可以说 无过渡语就不构成文章 过渡语分类例举 解说性过渡语 now thus for inthiscase 强调性过渡语 indeed certainly aboveall 转折性过渡语 but however yet unless exceptfor 例举性过渡语 forexample forinstance thus 比较性过渡语 like similarly likewise inthesameway 对照性过渡语 incontrast ontheotherhand instead unlike 让步性过渡语 admittedly nevertheless ofcourse although afterall 因果性过渡语 therefore asaresult consequently thus hence so accordingly 总结性过渡语 inconclusion tosumup allinall finally 作为过渡语使用的代词 I you he she they them this that these those one such it 在指代前面名词的同时 它们使句子顺利地从上句过渡到下一句 In1807NoahWebsterbeganhisgreatestwork AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage Inpreparingthemanuscript hedevotedtenyearstothestudyofEnglishanditsrelationshiptootherlanguages andsevenmoreyearstothewritingitself 该段落第二句的 he 使上一句平稳地过渡到了下句 如果不使用代词 不仅使文章显得累赘 而且破坏了其连贯性 例如 2 同义词 近义词用来做过渡语 例如 Teacherplayaveryimportantroleintheteaching and learningwork inwhich ofcourse thestudentsmustcooperatewiththem Withouttheinstructors thestudentsmightbesomewhatlikeaSwimmerintheseaofknowledge notknowingthedirectiontotheseashore 在这个例子中 同义词和近义词都起到了平稳过渡的作用 3 关键词的重复 可以起到过渡语的作用 Insuchasociety therewasverylittleleisureleftforhobbies Indeedtheword leisure itselfmeanttimethatwassaved withsomedifficulty inthemidstofmanyjobs Suchleisurewasusedtopractisethearts tosing paint carveoract Sincetheirprofessionalworkwassolargelyphysicalitwasnaturalforpeopletoseekemotionalandmentalsatisfactionthroughtheseartsintheirleisuretime 此段中关键词的重复 使文章能够自然地由上一个句子过渡到下一个句子 4 平行结构的运用常可起到过渡语的作用 例如 Modernsocietydependsagreatdealonmineraloil Withoutit therewouldbenoparaffin oilforlightingorcooking Withoutit therewouldbenomotorcars aeroplanesordieselenginesfortrains 这种平行结构的运用不仅能够起到平稳过渡句子的作用 而且也强调了句子 5 运用过渡词 并列连词 一部分副词 形容词 数词 以及一些短语都可以起过渡语的作用 1 表示空间关系的过渡词 above across from up under before below beyond farther down around here inthedistance nearby nearto closeto nextto ontheleft ontheright opposite onthetopof beneath over等 2 表示时序方面的过渡词 first second andsoon Firstofall now then tobeginwith atfirst atlast finally intheend eventually recently lately immediately sincethen soon afterawhile amomentlater afterward before after today tomorrow yesterday等 3 表示对照比较的过渡词 onthecountry ontheotherhand despite yet unlike incontrast however differentfrom inspiteof although but whereas nevertheless instead while still otherwise conversely equallyimportant accordingly like likewise inthesameway similarly meanwhile atthesametime evenso等 4 表示因果关系的过渡词 becauseof because for forthisreason since as dueto owingto thanksto onthisaccount onthataccount therefore asaresult consequently Accordingly so hence thus inthisway otherwise等 5 表示让步的过渡词 eventhough afterall although clearly itistruethat admittedly等 6 表示例举的过渡词 forexample forinstance foronething toillustrate asanillustration acaseinpoint namely thatis incidentally等 7 表示强调的过渡词 naturally obviously clearly ofcourse infact asamatteroffact actually inparticular thatistosay inthiscase anyway inanycase onnoaccount certainly indeed aboveall firstof