GRAMMAR.doc

主谓一致【归纳】 主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上要保持一致。一般遵循以下原则：语法一致原则：主语和谓语在人称和数上一致。主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。意义一致原则：谓语的单复数取决于主语的意义。当主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数时，谓语动词根据意义用复数形式；当主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数时，谓语动词根据意义用单数形式。就近一致原则：谓语动词的形式与邻近的主语在人称和数上一致。一、名词作主语1. 集体名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数。常见的这类名词有army, audience, class, family, team, crowd, staff, enemy, government等。有些集体名词如people, police等，通常看作复数，谓语动词必须用复数。如：The team is the best in the league.The team are all lovely people.I dont care what people think.2. 单、复数同形的名词如species, deer, fish, sheep, means等作主语时，应根据其意义来决定谓语动词的形式。如：Several large fish live in the pond.A large fish was caught during the competition.3. 表示单数概念的复形名词（如学科、机构、书名、剧名等）作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。如：Maths is one of the most important courses in the senior school.The Times is Britains oldest national daily.4. trousers, shoes, chopsticks, sunglasses等名词作主语，谓语动词通常用复数；但如果其前有a pair of, a kind of等时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：His trousers were slightly too short.A pair of trousers is on the bed.5. 当名词短语的中心词为表示距离、金额、时间等的复数名词时，往往把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。如：Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.6. “the +形容词或过去分词”结构作主语时，表示一类可数的人或事物，谓语动词用复数。这类词有rich, poor, blind, injured等。如：Even the poor have their pride.The injured were taken to several nearby hospitals.7. 如果主语由 more than one或many a构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词通常用单数；在“more +复数名词+ than one”结构之后，谓语动词通常用复数。如：More than one person has been concerned in this.Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. More boxes than one have been used at the station.二、代词作主语1. 由代词each, either, neither, another以及合成代词something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, someone, anyone, everyone作主语时，谓语动词均用单数。如：Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase.Everybody was glad to see her back.2. all, most, none, some等作主语时，谓语动词的形式要根据它们所代替的内容来定。如：Those boys are my students. All work hard.I wanted some more coffee but there was none left.三、由连接词连接的名词或代词作主语1. 两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。但当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物、概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词则用单数。如：Both the secretary and the manager have agreed to be present.Law and order means different things to people with different political opinions.2. 当主语后跟有说明主语的修饰语时，如由with, as well as, along with, rather than, together with, including, in addition to等引导的短语，谓语动词与主语保持一致。如：The missing things, as well as the bag, have been found and returned to the owner.3. 由or, either . or ., neither . nor ., not only . but also .等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与邻近的主语保持一致。如：Not only the students but also their teacher is going to the exhibition.四、含数词的短语作主语“分数或百分数+ of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于of 后名词的数。如：Only one third of the work was done yesterday.Three fourths of the students come to school on time.五、从句作主语名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但如果是两个或两个以上的从句由and连接表示两个概念时，谓语动词用复数。另外，what从句作主语时，谓语动词的形式由其表示的意义来决定。如：Whether we go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.What caused the snow slide and how many tourists were injured are still unknown.What you want is a big bag.What he left are a few old books.【即学即练】 从括号内选择合适的内容完成下面短文。Hi Cathy, Greetings from Nepal! Im sending this from an Internet caf in a small town north of Kathmandu. The town itself isnt very interesting, but everything around it 1. _ (is / are) beautiful I can see the Himalayas through the caf window!The courses here are great, although maths 2. _ (is / are) certainly not my strong point.A lot of Nepals population lives in the mountainous parts of the country south of the Himalayas, and most of these people 3. _ (depend / depends) on growing crops and keeping animals. The standard of living in Kathmandu and the other cities 4. _ (have / has) risen a lot recently, and the number of people likely to move into the cities 5. _ (is / are) expected to increase. Its a real problem here. The Himalayan Times, the local English-language newspaper, 6. _ (has / have) just published a survey showing that most y