Unit 4 Public transport Background 教学设计.doc

Unit 4 Public transport Background 教学设计I. Summary of the textMain idea of the passageThe introduction of the first underground in the worldMain idea of Part 1 (paragraph 1)Reasons why the first underground in the world was developedMain idea of Part 2(paragraph 2-paragraph 4)Developments of the first underground before World War IIMain idea of Part 3 (paragraph 5)Some unusual uses of the first underground during World War IIMain idea of Part 4 (paragraphs 6-7)Expansion and popularity of the first underground systemII. A tree diagram of the textWhy it is necessary to build the underground train in London. The development of the first underground before World War II The development in the 20th centuryThe development in 1880sHow is the first underground train likeSome unusual uses of the underground during the World War II Development of the underground in modern timesIII. A retold version of the textDuring the first half of the 19th century， the train service in London was not well developed. Most trains into London only went to the distant boundary of the city because building railway tracks into the city would have caused damage to many historic buildings. Many buses were needed to transport people to the city center. Thus the road was so busy that no one could travel anywhere. This situation led to the development of the underground system.The first tunnels were opened in 1863. Passengers were transported in carriage without windows， which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines. In 1868， the next section of the underground system was opened in the south of London. 16 years later， in 1884 the two big companies linked up and provided the underground service in the middle of the city， which later became the Circle Line. In 1880s， with the development of new ways of digging， the city and South London Railway linked other places in London. But it was still inconvenient to travel on these lines because each line was separately owned and many were very far from each other. Having seen the situation， Charles Yerkes， a wealthy America businessman tried to improve the system by buying many of the different lines and setting up the Underground Group. In 1933， a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created. Between 1918 and 1938， there was much expansion as new connections were built and new stations were built. During World War II when London was bombed， many underground stations functioned as bomb shelters and many people were saved by it.Today， more and more people travel on the underground and the underground system has been greatly improved too. The net work of the underground system includes twelve lines and now goes 26 miles out of central London.Section 2 Background information I. China completes new bullet train bodyBEIJING - The body of the first Chinese designed and manufactured high-speed train， with a possible speed equal to that of the famous Japanese bullet train， has rolled off the production line， according to the builder.The train is the latest model in the countrys China Railway High-speed (CRH) Series and Chinas first locomotive capable of traveling at 300 kilometers per hour.Slower CRH series - able to travel at 200 kilometers per hour - are already in service.Instead of being driven by a single engine， the high-speed trains are equipped with multiple engines embedded inside separate units.The completion of the body lays a solid foundation for the scheduled debut of the whole train by the year end， a senior official with CSR Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co. Ltd. told Xinhua here Friday.The train body， made of aluminum alloy， weighs about seven tons， the lightest of its kind in the world， said the official who asked to remain anonymous. The thinnest part only measures 1.5 millimeters.Production of other parts， such as engines， were well underway， he said.The company would deliver ten such trains to the Ministry of Railways in the first half of next year， according to the company.The trains， which can seat about 600 passengers， will run on the 115-km Beijing-Tianjin route before the Beijing Olympic Games in August 2008 and reduce the journey time from the current 80 minutes to around 30 minutes.II. Traffic plan in debateA car free day based on a compulsory administrative order is not an effective way to solve the traffic problem， says an article in Yanzhao Metropolis News. The following is an excerpt:Kunming， the capital of Yunnan Province， is the first city in the country that has a car free day every month. The local government announced on Saturday that the last Saturday of every month would be a car free day. The downtown area will only be open to taxis， buses， and bicycles. The decision has triggered extensive public debate. Some are questioning the validity of the administrative order， while others are hailing it as way to ease traffic jams.Admittedly， the car free day does have its benefits， but it will not improve the traffic and environment to any great extent. More importantly， it should be the result of voluntary participation and not a compulsory administrative order. After all， the car free campaign violates the rights of automobile owners.In fact， the monthly ban on private vehicles entering the downtown area might have a negative effect. Many might have to schedule their businesses on days before or after the day of the ban， causing extra traffic pressure on other days.A series of measures could be taken to solve the traffic issue in big cities. Such measures range from developing the public transportation system， improving urban planning， encouraging people to work at home if possible， to imposing a fuel tax. All these measures are better solutions.III. Beijing intensifies road construction for OlympicsBeijing will repair more than 40 main roads and construct 27 artery (干线，要道) roads and nine expressways this year in its preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games， official sources said. The Chinese capital will invest 870 million yuan (US$111.5) to repair and renovate the east-west artery Changan Avenue， according to the municipal transportation committee. Liu Qi， secretary of the Beijing municipal committee of the Communist Party of China， said that 2007 is the decisive year for the city to make preparations for the Games. Beside the road repair and construction projects， Beijing will lay emphases on the development of light railways and subways. The city will start four new projects while continuing with five ongoing ones， including the airport light rail line， according to the transportation committee. IV. European Cities Do Away with Traffic SignsAre streets without traffic signs conceivable？ Seven cities and regions in Europe are giving it a try - with good results. Drachten in the Netherlands(荷兰)， has gotten rid of 16 of its traffic light crossings and converted(更换) the other two to roundabouts(道路交叉处的环形路).European traffic planners are dreaming of streets free of rules and directives(指示). They want drivers and pedestrians to interact in a free and humane way， as brethren(弟兄) - by means of friendly gestures， nods of the head and eye contact， without the harassment of prohibitions， restrictions and warning signs.Stop signs and direction signs are nowhere to be seen. There are neither parking meters nor stopping restrictions. There arent even any lines painted on the streets.The many rules strip us of the most important thing: the ability to be considerate. Were losing our capacity for socially responsible behavior， says Dutch traffic guru(领袖， 头头) Hans Monderman， one of the projects co-founders. The greater the number of prescriptions(规定)， the more peoples sense of personal responsibility dwindles(缩小).Strange as it may seem， the number of accidents has declined dramatically(戏剧地). Experts from Argentina and the United States have visited Drachten. Even London has expressed an interest in this new example of automobile anarchy(无政府状态). And the model is being tested in the British capitals Kensington neighborhood.V. London underground Facts and FiguresNumber of miles travelled by each Tube train each year: 73，500 Total number of passengers carried on the Tube each year: 976 million Number of individual passengers carried on the Tube each year: 19 million Average train speed: 33km per hour/20.5mph Length of network: 408km/253 miles Proportion of the network which is in tunnels: 45 per cent Longest continuous tunnel: East Finchley to Morden (via Bank) - 27.8km/17.25 miles Total number of escalators: 412 Station with most escalators: Waterloo has 25 plus two passenger conveyors Longest escalator: Angel - 60m/197ft， with a vertical rise of 27.5m/90ft Shortest escalator: Chancery Lane - 9.1m/30ft， with a vertical rise of 4.6m/15ft Total number of lifts: 112Deepest lift shaft: Hampstead - 55.2m/181ft Shortest lift shaft: Westminster - 2.5m/8ft Total number of stations served: 275 Total number of stations owned and managed: 255 LU staff: 12，560 Stations with the most platforms: Moorgate and Baker Street have 10 platforms each Busiest stations: During the three-hour morning peak， Londons busiest Tube station is Waterloo， with 46，000 people entering. The busiest station in terms of passengers each year is Kings Cross St Pancras with 77.5 million passengers a year. Passengers enter the Tube system at a rate of 150，000 people an hour The London Underground has been known as The Tube since 1890， when the first deep-level electric railway line was opened The Underground name first appeared on stations in 1908VI. Translation of reading世界上第一条地铁欢迎来到伦敦地铁通常它也被称为“管子”。伦敦地铁久负盛名，因为它是世界上最古老且最复杂的地铁系统。在19世纪上半叶，就有了通往伦敦的火车交通服务。但是大部分通往伦敦的火车只到伦敦城的远郊，因为在市区内修建铁路会损害许多古建筑。这就需要大量公共汽车把人们运送到市中心。不幸的是马路上增加的车辆把道路堵得水泄不通，交通变得如此拥堵以致于所有的人都寸步难移。这样，交通问题形成了地铁得以发展的契机。1854年，大都会铁路公司被授权在帕丁顿和法林顿之间建一条地下铁路。这便成为王十字火车站、圣潘克里斯、尤斯顿、帕丁顿和伦敦市中心之间的快速通道。首批地铁隧道于1863年开通，它们紧靠地面。旅客们乘坐的是没有窗户的火车，这些火车由蒸汽机驱动穿梭于相对狭窄的隧道。你能想象到那浓烟和噪音吗？ 1968年地铁系统的另一段在伦敦南部由一家叫大都会区铁路的公司开通运行。16年后于1884年大都会铁路公司与大都会区铁路公司取得联系共同为城市中部提供地铁服务。此线后来变成了环线。 随着开挖隧道方法的日渐进步，第一条穿过泰晤土河底的地铁隧道于1884年竣工。这些新的隧道开挖方法加快了伦敦地铁发展的脚步。19世纪80年代伦敦市线和南伦敦铁路线与伦敦其他地区线路连了起来。在以后的25年里又有六条独立的深层地铁线建成。然而搭乘这些线路很不方便，因为每条线都分别各归其主而且许多线路之间相距甚远。 见此情形，一位美国富商查尔斯耶基斯通过购买许多不同的地铁线并建立地铁集团来尽力改善地铁系统。收购后他给每条线起了名字，很多名字至今还在使用。1933年一个叫做伦敦客运总署的公共机构成立。地铁集团、大都会支线以及所有的公交、火车线路都归该署掌管。这个机构最终成为伦敦交通运输管理局。1918年与1938年之间，随着铁路线之间建立了不少新的交叉以及新车站的建成，伦敦地铁有了大的扩张。一位名叫查尔斯霍尔登的建筑师负责设计了许多新车站，它们至今仍在使用。 第二次世界大战期间，当伦敦被轰炸时，许多地铁站成了防空洞。一条新建的地铁线被用作地下飞机制造厂，一个已关闭的地铁站被用作反空袭中心，最靠近首相住所的那个站被首相用作政府行政会议室。所以地铁系统在二战时期发挥了特殊的作用。 1945年二战结束后，更多的人乘坐地铁，于是更多的地铁线建成。其中包括维多利亚线，它所有的站几乎都和其他线相连。这使得地铁系统对乘客来说更加方便。最后一条新建的路线叫朱比利线，是于1977年为纪念伊丽莎白女王登基25周年而修建的。 伦敦地铁每年成功运送成百万的乘客，且多年如此。每天有三百万人乘坐地铁。整个地铁网络包括12条，现在地铁已延伸到距离伦敦中心26英里以外的地区。所以今天为什么不乘坐世界上最古老的地铁观光一番呢？ 来吧，到我们的售票处买一张旅行卡，你就可以畅游整个地铁系统。VII. 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