自考2012年出版最新《英语二》讲义第一章.docx

Unit 1 The Power of Language 学习方法指南 五个方面把握文章 1 词 2 句 3 篇 4 义 5 背诵或复述重点段落 当天重复 第二天再重复 七天后再重复 课后习题 1 结合课文里出现的点 完成题目 2 标记不熟练的题目 当天重复一遍 第二天再重复一遍 考前再重复一遍 Unit 1 The Power of Language A FAMOUS QUOTE Language is the dress of thought Samuel Johnson 语言是思维的外衣 塞缪尔 约翰逊 Text A Critical Reading Pre reading questions 1 Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents What do you think is active reading 2 What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically Vocabulary 词汇 四点要求 1 音 2 义 3 衍生变化 4 用法 搭配 New Words critical adj involving making fair careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of somebody something 有判断力的 判断公正 或审慎的 non fiction n books articles or texts about real facts people and events 纪实文学 position n an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject 观点 态度 立场 statement n something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion 说明 说法 表态 question v to have or express doubts or suspicions about something 表示疑问 怀疑 evaluate vt to form an opinion of the amount value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计 评价 评估 context n the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it 事情发生的 背景 环境 来龙去脉 value n values pl beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life 是非标准 价值观 represent v to present or describe somebody something in a particular way 描述 表现 assertion n a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true 明确肯定 断言 sufficient adj enough for a particular purpose 足够的 充足的 statistic n statistics pl a collection of information shown in numbers 统计数字 统计资料 integrate v to combine two or more things so that they work together 使 合并 成为一体 authority n a person with special knowledge 专家 学术权威 泰斗 compare v to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different 比较 对比 subject n a thing or person that is being discussed described or dealt with 主题 题目 题材 consistent adj in agreement with something 相符的 符合的 inconsistency n a situation in which two statements are different and cannot both be true 不一致 assumption n a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen although there is no proof 假定 假设 case n a particular situation or a situation of a particular type 具体情况 事例 directly adv in a direct line or manner 直接地 径直地 identify v to find or discover somebody something 找到 发现 valid adj based on what is logical or true 符合逻辑的 合理的 确凿的 credible adj that can be believed or trusted 可信的 可靠的 landmark n an event a discovery an invention ect that marks an important stage in something 标志重要阶段的 里程碑 relevant adj closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about 紧密相关的 切题的 current adj happening now 现时发生的 当前的 appropriate adj suitable acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances 合适的 恰当的 bias n a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people or one side in an argument often not based on fair judgement 偏见 偏心 偏向 considerably adv much a lot 非常 很 相当多地 Democrat n a member or supporter of the Democratic Party of the US 美国 民主党党员 民主党支持者 Republican n a member or supporter of the Republican Party of the US 美国 共和党党员 共和党支持者 reflect v to show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody s attitude or feeling 显示 表明 表达 informed adj having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation 有学问的 有见识的 重点词汇 critical adj involving making fair careful judgments about the good and bad qualities of somebody something 有判断力的 判断公正 或审慎的 eg Try to develop a more critical attitude instead of accepting everything at face value 要学会对一切事物一丝不苟 而不要注重表面现象 其他用法 of or at a crisis decisive crucial 危机中的 危急时刻的 决定性的 关键的 eg We are at a critical time in our history 我们正处于历史的紧要关头 衍生 criticize criticise vt sb sth for sth point out the faults of sb sth 批评某人 某事物 挑剔 非难 eg Stop criticizing my work 别再挑剔 我那作品 了 form and express a judgment on a work of art literature etc 评论 艺术 文学等作品 eg teaching students how to criticize poetry 向学生讲授评论诗歌的方法 criticism n looking for faults pointing out faults 批评 evaluate vt to form an opinion of the amount value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计 评价 评估 eg I can t evaluate his ability without seeing his work 我没有看到他的工作情况 无法评论他的能力 衍生 Val value worth 价值 valuable 有价值的 invaluable 无法估价的 devaluate 贬值 evaluate 估价 undervalue 低估 consistent adj in agreement with something 相符的 符合的 用法 be with sth eg What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week 你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不相符 衍生 consistency 一致 inconsistency 不一致 identify vt to find or discover somebody something 找到 发现 eg She identified the man as her attacker 她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人 衍生 identification n means of proving who one is official papers that do this 身份证明 eg Can I see your identification please 请给我看看你的身分证件行吗 identity n who or what sb sth is 身份 eg There is no clue to the identity of the thief 没有确定窃贼身份的线索 identity card also ID card 身份证 通常有相片 供本人携带或佩带 credible adj that can be believed or trusted 可信的 可靠的 eg a credible witness statement report 可信的证人 陈词 报道 衍生 able ible 可 的 能 的 believable可信的 acceptable 可接受的 desirable值得要的 accessible可接近 flexible 灵活的 credibility n quality of being believable 可信性 可靠性 ability ibility 可 性 eg adaptability 适应能力 dependability 可靠性 apply vi to sb sth be relevant to sb sth have an effect 与某人 某物 有关 有效 适用 eg These rules don t always apply 这些规则并非总能行得通 make a formal request 申请 请求 apply for sth eg apply for a post passport visa 申请职位 护照 签证 apply to sb eg I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them 我申请了四所大学 并都被他们录取了 课文学习 议论文 把握观点 中心观点 段落观点 把握结构 文章结构 段落结构 衔接手段 topic sentence 主题句 topic 主题 controlling idea 观点 篇章核心 段落灵魂 Beijing is a modern city Beijing is an ancient city 结构 总 分 总 总 分 段落构成 1 主题句 Topic Sentence 点出段落的主题 谈论什么 2 扩展句 Developing Sentence 说明和支持主题 3 结尾句 Concluding Sentence 得出结论 文章 观点 论证 结论 Text A Critical Reading Critical reading applies to non fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement Critical reading is active reading It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader Consider the context of what is written You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours Or you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours In either case you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author Question assertions made by the author Don t accept what is written at face value Before accepting what is written be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made Look for facts examples and statistics that provide support Also look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities Compare what is written with other written work on the subject Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject If there are inconsistencies carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies Analyze assumptions made by the author Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions In many cases the author s assumptions are not directly stated This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions Once you identify an assumption you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid Evaluate the sources the author uses In doing this be certain that the sources are credible For example Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics Also be certain that the sources are relevant Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry Finally if the author is writing about a subject in its current state be sure that the sources are current For example studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics Identify any possible author bias A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican What is written may very well reflect a biased position You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written That is take what is written with a grain of salt By being a critical reader you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader 1 Consider the context of what is written 2 Question assertions made by the author 3 Compare what is written with other written book on the subject 4 Analyze assumptions made by the author 5 Evaluate the sources the author uses 6 Identify any possible author bias 语法学习 1 把握结构 理解内涵 2 结合例句 结合文章 关系副词引导的定语从句 先行名词 where in on at which eg College is a place where in which we learn how to learn 大学是学会如何学习的地方 Forest is a place where people can get close to nature 森林是可以接近自然的地方 先行名词 when in on at which eg I ll never forget the day when we first met in the park 我将永远不会忘记我们在公园第一次相遇的那一天 先行名词 why for which eg Do you know the reason why he didn t come to the meeting yesterday morning 你知道他为什么没有参加昨天早上会议的原因吗 What is active reading What is a critical reader Exercises I 1 Reading non fiction writing critically involves A supporting the author s opinion B developing your own opinions C understanding what is written D reading without any imagination 答疑编号506430010301 针对该题提问 正确答案 B 答案解析 此题为句意理解题 由文中第 一段Critical reading involves questioning and evalating what the author is saying and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying 可知 非文学类作品的批评性阅读是要提出自己的观点和摆明自己的态度 选项B 即提出自己的观点 最为恰当 答案为B 2 Before accepting what is written in an article you should be sure that A enough support for the assertions has been given B your values and attitudes have been reflected in it C it has been checked from an authoritative source D you have found the differences in the writing styles 答疑编号506430010302 针对该题提问 正确答案 A 答案解析 此题为句意理解题 由文中第三段第三句 Before acceiting what is written be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made 可知 选项A符合文中意思 即你在接受作者的观点之前 要确信有足够的论据支持作者的论点 答案为A 3 If there are some inconsistent points in the article you should A insist on your own opinion and confirm it B avoid mentioning the inconsistencies C emphasize the work of authorities D examine the author s supportive statements 答疑编号506430010303 针对该题提问 正确答案 D 答案解析 此题为句意理解题 由文中第四段末句 If there are inconsistehcies carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the incbnsistencies 可知 选项D最符令原文 即如果文章中有不一致的观点时 你要仔细阅读并检查作者所提出的支持其论点的论证 答案为D 4 Einstein is a relevant source when the article is about A physical breakthroughs B the subject of poetry C studies in current physics D credible writing Sources 答疑编号506430010304 针对该题提问 正确答案 A 答案解析 此题为细节题 由文中第六段第三句 Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics 可知 如果文章讲的是关于物理学的突破时 爱因斯坦就是相关的例子 答案为A 5 The author believes that by being a critical reader you can A remember what is written clearly B eliminate your own discrimination C have much more knowledge D spend more time in reading 答疑编号506430010305 针对该题提问 正确答案 C 答案解析 此题为文章大意总结题 由课文最后一段结束句 By being a critical reader you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate 可知 课文结束说通过做一名有判断力的读者 你会变得见多识广 也能使你的观点更恰当 所以选项C最符合课文的意思 答案为C Exercise II Section A 名词后缀 ability ibility credible credibility ence ency independent independence efficient efficiency ment move movement agree agreement ion sion tion act action elect election 副词后缀 ly careful carefully possible possibly 前缀 否定前缀 in inaccurate incapable injustice 在m p b前变成im immoral impossible imbalance 1 These results are with the findings of the previous study consistent consistency 答疑编号506430010306 针对该题提问 正确答案 consistent 答案解析 be consistent with 固定短语 意为与 相符 其中be动词are后面应该是表语形容词consistent 而consistency 是名词形式 答案为consistent 2 We were not surprised by their that the train services would be reduced state statement 答疑编号506430010307 针对该题提问 正确答案 statement 答案解析 statement 名词 说明 表态 而state 表示 陈述 时是动词 做名词解时是 国度 的意思 答案为statement 3 The statistics a change in people s spending habits reflect reflection 答疑编号506430010308 针对该题提问 正确答案 reflect 答案解析 译文 此统计数据反映了人们消费习惯方面的变化 这里句子缺少的是谓语动词 而reflection是名词 reflect 动词 显示 表明 答案为reflect 4 I m afraid your driving license is in Eastern Europe valid invalid 答疑编号506430010309 针对该题提问 正确答案 invalid 答案解析 译文 我担心你的驾驶执照在东欧无效 invalid 是valid 的反义词 意为 无效的 答案为invalid 5 Twenty five dollars was more than he had expected to pay considerable considerably 答疑编号506430010310 针对该题提问 正确答案 considerably 答案解析 译文 二十五美元比他原来估计的多多了 considerably 副词 很 非常 相当多地 答案为considerably 6 Direct between the two languages is not possible compare comparison 答疑编号506430010311 针对该题提问 正确答案 comparison 答案解析 译文 直接对比两种语言是不可能的 这里空格处的单词是主语中心词 主语中心词不能是动词 comparison 名词 表示 比较 对比 compare 是其动词形式 答案为comparison Section B assumption landmark critical evaluate represent identify credible appropriate 1 In my opinion there was no evidence against him 答疑编号506430010312 针对该题提问 正确答案 credible 答案解析 句意 我的意见是 没有反对他的可信的证据 这里against sb 指的是反对某人 形容词credible 意为可信的 答案为credible 2 Even the smallest baby can its mother by her voice 答疑编号506430010313 针对该题提问 正确答案 identify 答案解析 句意 甚至最小的小婴儿都可以通过声音来识别辫认出他的母亲 本空缺少谓语动词 identify 意为辨认 辨识 符合题意 答案为identify 3 People tend to make about you based on your appearance 答疑编号506430010314 针对该题提问 正确答案 assumption 答案解析 句意 人们容易根据你的外表做出一些假设 本空缺少宾语 应选用名词 assumption为名词 意为假设 假定 符合题意 答案为assumption 4 This new report the current situation in our schools 答疑编号506430010315 针对该题提问 正确答案 represent 答案解析 句意 这篇新闻报道描述了我们学校目前的状况 其中represent 动词 描述 表现 此处要注意时态 答案为represents 5 The performance of each employee is once a year 答疑编号506430010316 针对该题提问 正确答案 evaluated 答案解析 句意 每年 每一位员工的表现每年都会被评估一次 注意此句子中的被动语态 员工绩效被评估 所以动词evaluate 应为被动式evaluated 答案为evaluated 6 We need to ensure that the teaching they receive is to their needs 答疑编号506430010317 针对该题提问 正确答案 appropriate 答案解析 句意 我们需要确保他们所接受的教育适合他们的需求 appropriate 是形容词 指的是 合适的 答案为appropriate Section C 1 That bit of the form is for UK citizens 一 it doesn t apply you 答疑编号506430010318 针对该题提问 正确答案 to 答案解析 译文 表格的那一部分是针对英国公民的 和你没关系 apply to 固定搭配 应用 使用 答案为to 2 Arguments were put for changing some of the rules of the game 答疑编号506430010319 针对该题提问 正确答案 forth 答案解析 译文 争议之所以产生 是因为要修改该项运动的一些规则 put forth 固定搭配 提出 产生 答案为forth 3 When judging his performance don t take his age account 答疑编号506430010320 针对该题提问 正确答案 into 答案解析 take into account 固定搭配 考虑到 顾及 答案为into 4 He s universally recognized as an authority Russian affairs 答疑编号506430010321 针对该题提问 正确答案 in 答案解析 译文 在俄罗斯事务方面 他被公认为是一个专家 答案为on 5 Just compare the one that has been cleaned the others 答疑编号506430010322 针对该题提问 正确答案 with 答案解析 compare with 为固定搭配 把 和 做对比 比较 compare t 把 比作 答案为with 6 Education should be relevant the child s needs 答疑编号506430010323 针对该题提问 正确答案 to 答案解析 be relevant to 固定搭配 有关的 相关的 答案为to Unit 1 Text B The language of Confidence New Words confidence n a belief in your own ability to do things and be successful 自信心 program v to make a person an animal etc to behave in a particular way so that it happens automatically 训练 培养 mastery n control or power 控制 驾驭 destiny n what happens to somebody or what will happen to them in the future especially things that they cannot change or avoid 命运 天命 天数 dramatically adv suddenly greatly and often surprisingly 巨大地 惊人地 显著地 quality n the standard of something when it is compared to other things like it how good or bad sth is 质量 品质 subconscious adj connected with feelings that influence your behavior even though you are not aware of them 下意识的 潜意识的 please v to make somebody happy 使满意 使愉快 command n an order given to a person or an animal 给人或动物的 命令 knowingly adv while knowing the truth or likely result of what you are doing 故意地 蓄意地 impact n the powerful effect that something has on somebody something巨大影响 强大作用 matter v to be important or have an important effect on somebody something 事关紧要 有重大影响 confident adj feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful 自信的 有自信心的 sense n a feeling about something important 对重大事情的 感觉 意识 eliminate v to remove or get rid of something 排除 清除 消除 disempower v to reduce the amount of control that someone has over a situation or over their life 剥夺 使失去权利 self esteem n a feeling of being happy with your own character and abilities 自尊心 limit v to stop something from increasing beyond a particular amount or level 限制 限定 infinite adj very great impossible to measure 极大的 无法衡量的 stifle v to prevent something from happening 压制 扼杀 阻止 creativity n the ability to use your imagination to produce new ideas make things etc 创造力 internal adj happening or existing in your mind 内心的 头脑中的 insignificant adj not big or valuable enough to be considered important 微不足道的 无足轻重的 commonly adv usually very often 通常 常常 alternative n a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities 可供选择的事物 fabulous adj extremely good 极好的 绝妙的 Phrases and Expressions carry out to do and complete a task 完成 任务 be up to to be for somebody to decide 取决于 have an impact on upon to have a powerful effect on somebody something 对 产生巨大影响 rub out to remove the marks made by a pencil etc 用橡皮擦掉 字迹等 be in control of to direct or manage an organization an area or a situation 掌管 管理 控制 重点单词 confidence n a belief in your own ability to do things and be successful 自信心 用法 to have lose confidence in sb 对某人抱有 失去 信心 eg I have little confidence in him 我对他没有什么信心 衍生 confident adj feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful 自信的 有自信心的 confident of sth that 自信的 有信心的 有把握的 eg feel confident of succeeding that one will succeed 有信心能成功 quality n the standard of something when it is compared to other things like it how good or bad sth is 质量 品质 用法 be of poor go