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机械毕业设计 论文
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LW01-060@小功率差动变压器,机械毕业设计 论文
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无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 1 无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 实 践 任 务 书 课题名称 小 功 率 差 动 变 压 器 指导教师 张锡平 职 称 教授 指导教师 张锡平 职 称 教授 专业名称 电 子 信 息 工 程 班 级 电子信息 2 0 5 3 4 学生姓名 朱泊儒 学 号 2032053448 课题需要完成的任务： 1.设计一个差动变压器，输出电压从 190V-250V连续可调。 2.输出功率 500W。 3.铁芯直线位移，速度 1mm/秒。 4.单片机根据设定时间，自动切换到新的稳 定值上。 5.输出电压用数字电压表显示。 课题计划： 2007.3.62007.3.14 熟悉课题，可行性方案分析及方案论述。 2007.3.152007.3.18 查阅资料，设计各部分硬件。 2007.3.192007.4.10 画原理图，印刷线路板 2007.4.112007.4.20 编写程序验证部分硬件 2007.4.212007.4.23 写出毕业论文 计划答辩时间： 4.244.26 电子信息技术系 系（部、分院） 2008 年 12 月 28 日 nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 2 外文翻译 In AT24C512 data document systematization management abstract: In order to facilitate in the monolithic integrated circuit to carry on the systematized management to AT24C512 data, in introduced at24C512 basic structure and in the principle of work foundation, realizes at24C512 filing system according to the PC machine document management thought, enhances the data management the efficiency. Key word: The AT24C512 monolithic integrated circuit filing system data management in the middle of the data acquisition system and the intelligent instrument measuring appliance which constitutes by the monolithic integrated circuit, often has the mass datas to have to preserve.Along with observation and control system digitization development, the people set a higher request to the data storage, thus uses in the stored datum the storage capacity more and more being also big.But, while increases the data reserves, the people also hoped can highly effective operate data conveniently (including browsing, increase and deletion and so on), namely looks like on PC machine to manage the data to be equally easy and feasible.However, the monolithic integrated circuit as well as uses in preserving the data chip itself not to provide this kind of function, for this, needs to develop one kind to use in managing the monolithic integrated circuit data the effective method.This article in absorbs the PC machine document management thought in the foundation, take AT24C512 as the example, the structure one kind has been similar in the filing system uses in the management monolithic integrated circuit data the method, enhanced the data manipulation efficiency greatly. 1 AT24C512 introduced the programmable memory which AT24C512 is which Atmel Corporation produces the 64KB serial electricity may scratch, the interior has 512 pages, each page is 128 bytes, any unit address is 16, the address range is 00000FFFFH.It uses 8 pin seals, has the structure compact, the storage capacity big and so on the characteristics, may connect in parallel fashion 4 piece of chips on 2 main lines, is suitable specially in has the large capacity data storage request data acquisition system, therefore is used massively in the observation and control system. AT24C512 seal as shown in Figure 1, various pins function is as follows: A0, A1- address selection input end.In the serial main line structure, like must connect 4 AT24C512 chips, then available A0, A1 differentiate various chips.A0, A1 hanging when is 0. SDA- bidirectional serial data feeds outlet.Uses in between the memory and the monolithic integrated circuit data exchange. SCL- serial clock input.Usually in its rise along SDA on data write store, but along and escorts to SDA in the drop from the memory readout. WP- writes the protection input.When this pin and place connected, the permission writes the operation; When with VCC connected, all writes the memory operation to forbid.If the company, this foot will not pull under the chip interior. VCC- power source. GND earth.NC is hanging. (1) with monolithic integrated circuit connection because AT24C512 has followed at24C series connection characteristic, therefore also may follow the traditional method with the monolithic integrated circuit connection.General A0, A1, WP meet VCC or GND, SCL, SDA the earth monolithic integrated circuit P1 mouth, then realizes the monolithic integrated circuit to at24C512 operation. (2) equipment selected location in starts before the operation to AT24C512, needs first to send a 8 address character to nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 3 choose the chip to carry on read-write.Device address character form as shown in Figure 2.In which “10100” is the fixed 5 binary systems; A0, A1 use in to many AT24C512 differentiate; R/W is the read-write operation position, is when 1 indicated reads the operation, is when 0 indicated writes the operation. (3) writes operates AT24C512 to write the operation to have writes the byte and writes the page two ways.Writes when the byte usually in connects in parallel fashion to at24C512 transmitter installation address character after the answering signal, but also needs to transmit 2 8 bit addresses to choose must write the data the address.After AT24C512 receives this address to be able to reply a zero signal, then receives 8 bit data to come in, again and returns to a zero answering signal. When writes the page way, AT24C512 may disposable read in page of 128 bytes.Its initialization process with writes the byte basically the method same.Different is: After reads in a data byte, the monolithic integrated circuit does not send the stopped state, but is then inputs 127 bytes after the answering signal; After each byte receive finished, then AT24C512 outputs a zero answering signal in the same old way. (4) reads the operation to read the operation to have the current address to read, stochastically to read, reads the string three ways.Its initialization process basically with writes the operation to be same, only is must alter to in the equipment choice character most low position reads.Reads the operating mode when the current address, the internal data address will maintain in the final read-write operation address adds on 1, after will read the position which the final byte will return most to start.But reads before stochastically the operation must read in a byte address first to AT24C512, then can read.Reads the string operation already to be possible to be the current address reads, also may be the stochastic address reads.After the monolithic integrated circuit receives to a data character, can respond an answering signal.AT24C512 after receives the answering signal to be able to add the address 1, then output next byte.When the monolithic integrated circuit receives when the data does not deliver the answering signal, reads the process to end. In order to 2 filing system constitution manages in AT24C512 effectively the data, the author imitates PC machine the document management mechanism, was a AT24C512 structure simple filing system.Considered the observation and control system the timely request and hardware resources finiteness, has used two level of shape of tree table of contents organization. In order to manage the data to be convenient, at24C512 physical space division is 1024 logical pages, each page of 64 bytes.According to the filing system need, at24C512 complete spatial division is three parts: The data area, takes the final 960 pages; The page distribution area, takes the middle 30 pages; Front the table of contents area, takes 24 pages. (1) data area AT24C512 most behind 960 page of achievement data area, its serial number from 0 starts the serial number.This area took document data memory region, when depositing document data, assigns certain pages from this area, each time saves a page. (2) page distribution area page distribution area has recorded the data area each page of assignment situation.In this area every 2 bytes compose one record item, altogether has 960 record items (3064/2).The recording item from 0 starts the serial number, each record item is corresponding the data area corresponding page service condition. In the practical application, a document data often is bigger than 64 bytes, in this kind nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 4 of document data area must take many pages.But along with the document additions and deletions, the data area idle space has not the continual condition, thus the data area assignment cannot guarantee continual, but is according to the current data area service condition decided on which page some part of document content should place.In order to connects organically these disperser data, organizes the recording item according to the chain table form, each document is corresponding a chain table, in the chain table each point is a record item, a recording content for a next record serial number, a last record content is 0FFFFH, the expression chain table conclusion.Connected these recording correspondence page constituted a document complete data. Moreover, if records a content is 0EEEEH, indicated its corresponding data page has not assigned. (3) table of contents area table of contents area uses for to save the document the main information.May know the filename, the document production date as well as the document data according to these informations in the data area memory first address.A file directory structure is as follows: Filename.The filename by 4 byte double BCD code constitution, when produced this document by the keyboard entry numeral (on hardware keyboard only provides numeric keyboard) to take the filename, and transformed automatically by the procedure them forms a pair the BCD code.When needs to demonstrate, again decomposes them 8 byte list BCD code to supply the demonstration. Document production date.Takes 4 bytes, according to the double BCD code form memory, like 20H, 04H,03H, 20H expresses on March 20, 2004.The date may by the keyboard entry or through the clock chip gain. Document first address.The instruction is giving this document assignment space to enter, assigns for its first data page serial number, namely it corresponds chain table first record serial number. The table of contents area altogether takes 24 pages.Because each document information only takes 10 bytes, then in this filing system, most may save 153(2464/10) document.The table of contents area, the page distribution area and data area logical relations as shown in Figure 3. Take Figure 3 as the example, explained how this filing system does gain the document data: Found in the table of contents area according to the filename contains this filename the table of contents item, thus gains this document attribute and the first address.If document “ 00000103” the date was on November 24, 2003, its first address was 0005H. According to the document first address, found this record item of 0005H in the page distribution area.The value saves which in this record item is 0007H, may know this document the next recording item is 0007H. Likewise, may obtain the document following recording item is 0008H, 0009H, 000BH, until reads 0FFFFH from the 000BH recording item.This time expressed this is the last item, did not have again to continue to look for the successor item. Here, may know the document “ 00000103” the data divides into 5 parts to save in the data area, saves separately in 0005H, 0007H, 0008H, 0009H, in the 000BH page.So long as arrives in the data to read in these according to sequence the data, and connects, has formed this document complete data. Likewise, the document “ 00000001” has used 0002H and the 0003H two pages in the data area, the document “ 00015671” has only used the data area 000AH page. 3 system programming according to the above filing system structure, the system may through nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 5 the table of contents area and the page distribution area to at24C512 complete data real-time document management.In the management process, the most main operation is increases the document and the deletion document. (1) increase document increase document prime task is seeks the storage space for the new document, it seeks the step to be as follows: Seeks the spatial position in the table of contents area.If the table of contents area already saved fully (most saves 153 documents), then to the user reported and stopped the procedure; Otherwise, records this position (to record is MyFile). The computation document data must take the page number, records is My Page. Seeks and counts the symbol in the page distribution area for the spatial recording item, its content is 0EEEEH.If its number is smaller than MyPage, then reported to the user, and stops the procedure. In the MyFileA position filling in filename and the date, and a first spatial recording serial number which found fill in, take this document the first address. In found in turn in the spatial recording item fills in a next spatial recording serial number, the last spatial recording item fills in 0FFFFH. Starts from the document first address, reads in turn according to the document chain table the data the data area corresponding page. (2) deletion document deletion document prime task recycles the space which this document takes, in order to the future will assign for other documents. Seeks in the table of contents area to this document, withdraws its first address, records First.Afterwards, the table of contents area first byte which takes this document clear is 0FFH, indicates this table of contents free time. Found the First recording item in the page distribution area, scoops up its content, records is Next.Afterwards, First recording content rewriting is 0EEEEH. First=Next, repetition Until Next=0FFFFH. May see by the increase document, when search space, only to table of contents area and page distribution area operation, therefore, deletes time the document, only needs to release the table of contents and the page distribution area then, but does not need to revise the data area.This enhanced the deletion efficiency greatly. (3) system formatting system formatting goal is carries on AT24C512 according to the form which front states the initialization, by correct reflection at present behavior in service.The formatted prime task includes: Writes the table of contents area is completely 0FFH, by clear spatial table of contents area in all data; Writes the page distribution area all recording item is 0EEEEH, symbolized they have not used completely. Note: The filing system procedure source code sees the website: . 4 performance comparisons in the majority systems, in at24C512 data storage all is must use the order to save the law: When each time stored datum all is defers to the order in turn to read in the data space successively.This article states the method and the smooth memory law compares, has the following merit: When memory operates simply.In the smooth memory, sought the data which the idle space needed to read out gradually already saves, until found the idle space, the data level of operation was big nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 6 在由单片机构成的数据采集系统及智能仪器仪表当中，往往有大量数据要保存。随着测控系统数字化的发展，人们对数据存储提 出了更高的要求，因而用于存储数据的存储器容量也越来越大。但是，在增大数据存储量的同时，人们也希望能更便捷高效地操作其中的数据（包括浏览、添加和删除等），即像 PC 机上管理数据一样简单易行。然而，单片机以及用于保存数据的芯片本身并没有提供这种功能，为此，需要开发一种用于管理单片机数据的有效方法。本文在吸取PC 机文件管理思想的基础上，以 AT24C512 为例，构造了一种类似于文件系统的用于管理单片机数据的方法，大大提高了数据操作的效率。 1 AT24C512 介绍 AT24C512 是 Atmel 公司生产的 64KB 串行电 可擦的可编程存储器，内部有512 页，每一页为 128 字节，任一单元的地址为 16 位，地址范围为 0000 0FFFFH。它采用 8 引脚封装，具有结构紧凑、存储容量大等特点，可以在 2 线总线上并接4 片芯片，特别适用于具有大容量数据存储要求的数据采集系统，因此在测控系统中被大量采用。 AT24C512 的封装如图 1 所示，各引脚的功能如下： A0、 A1地址选择输入端。在串行总线结构中，如需连接 4 个 AT24C512芯片，则可用 A0、 A1 来区分各芯片。 A0、 A1 悬空时为 0。 SDA双向串行数据输入输出口。用于存储器与 单片机之间的数据交换。 SCL串行时钟输入。通常在其上升沿将 SDA 上的数据写入存储器，而在下降沿从存储器读出数据并送往 SDA。 WP写保护输入。此引脚与地相连时，允许写操作；与 VCC 相连时，所有的写存储器操作被禁止。如果不连，该脚将在芯片内部下拉到地。 VCC电源。 GND 接地。 NC 悬空。 （ 1）与单片机接口 由于 AT24C512 沿袭了 AT24C 系列的接口特性，因此与单片机的连接也可沿袭传统方法。一般 A0、 A1、 WP 接 VCC 或 GND， SCL、 SDA 接地单片机的P1 口，即可实现单片机对 AT24C512 的操作。 （ 2）设备选址 在对 AT24C512 开始操作前，需要先发一个 8 位的地址字来选择芯片以进行读写。设备地址字格式如图 2 所示。其中 “10100”为固定的 5 位二进制； A0、 A1用于对多个 AT24C512 加以区分； R/W 为读写操作位，为 1 时表示读操作，为 0时表示写操作。 （ 3）写操作 AT24C512 的写操作有写字节和写页两种方式。写字节时通常在向AT24C512 发送设备地址字并接到应答信号后，还需要发送 2 个 8 位地址来选择要写数据的地址。 AT24C512 接收到这个地址后会应答一个零信号，然后接收 8位数据进来，并再返回一个零应答信号。 在写页方式时， AT24C512 可以一次性写入一页 128 字节。其初始化过程与写字节的方法基本相同。不同的是：当写入一个数据字节后，单片机不发停止状态，而是在应答信号后接着输入 127 个字节；每一个字节接收完毕后， AT24C512则照样输出一个零应答信号。 （ 4）读操作 nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 7 读操作有当前地址读、随机读、读串三种方式。其初始化过程基本与写操作相同，只是在设备选择字中的最低位要改成读而已。在当前地址读操作方式时，内部数据的地址将保持在最后的读写操作地址加 1 上，直到读到最后字节后又回到 最开始的位置。而随机读操作之前先要向 AT24C512 写入一个字节地址，然后才能读。读串操作既可以是当前地址读，也可以是随机地址读。当单片机接收到一个数据字后，会回应一个应答信号。 AT24C512 在接收到应答信号后会将地址加 1，接着输出下一个字节。当单片机接收到数据但不送应答信号时，读过程结束。 2 文件系统构成 为了有效地管理 AT24C512 中的数据，笔者仿效 PC 机中的文件管理机制，为 AT24C512 构造了一个简单的文件系统。考虑到测控系统的实时性要求和硬件资源的有限性，采用了二级树形目录组织。 为了管理数 据方便 ，把 AT24C512 的物理空间划分为 1024 个逻辑页，每页64 字节。按照文件系统的需要，把 AT24C512 的全部空间划分为三部分：数据区，占用最后的 960 页；页面分配区，占用中间的 30 页；目录区，占用前面的24 页。 （ 1） 数据区 AT24C512 最后面的 960 页作为数据区，其序号从 0 开始编号。该区作为文件数据的存储区域，在存放文件数据时，从该区内分配若干页，每次存储一页。 （ 2）页面分配区 页面分配区记录了数据区每一页的分配情况。该区中每 2 字节组成一个记录项，共有 960 个记录项（ 3064/2）。 记录项从 0 开始编号，每一个记录项对应着数据区相应页的使用情况。 在实际应用中，一个文件的数据往往大于 64 字节，这样一个文件的数据区中需占用多个页。但随着文件的增删，数据区的空闲空间出现不连续的状况，因而数据区的分配并不能保证连续，而是根据当前数据区的使用情况来决定某一部分文件内容应该放在哪一页上。为了把这些分散的数据有机连接起来，把记录项按照链表的形式组织起来，每个文件对应着一个链表，链表中每个结点为一个记录项，记录项的内容为下一个记录项的编号，最后一个记录项的内容为 0FFFFH，表示链表结束。把这些记录项 对应的页面连接起来就构成了一个文件的完整数据。 另外，如果记录项的内容为 0EEEEH，表示其对应的数据页未分配。 （ 3）目录区 目录区用来存储文件的主要信息。根据这些信息可以知道文件名、文件生成的日期以及文件的数据在数据区中的存储首地址。文件目录项的结构如下： 文件名。文件名由 4 字节双 BCD 码构成，在生成该文件时由键盘输入数字（硬件上键盘只提供了数字键）作为文件名，并由程序自动把它们转换成双BCD 码。在需要显示时，再把它们分解成 8 字节单 BCD 码供显示。 文件生成日期。占用 4 字节，按照双 BCD 码的格式存储 ，如 20H、 04H，03H、 20H 则表示 2004 年 3 月 20 日。日期可由键盘输入或通过时钟芯片获取。 文件首地址。指示在给该文件分配空间进，分配给它的第一个数据页的序号，即它对应的链表的第一个记录项的编号。 nts无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 毕 业 设 计 说 明 书 ( 论文 ) 8 目录区共占用 24 页。由于每个文件信息只占用 10 字节，则在此文件系统中，最多可存储 153（ 2464/10）个文件。目录区、页面分配区和数据区的逻辑关系如图 3 所示。 以图 3 为例，说明该文件系统如何获取文件数据： 在目录区中根据文件名找到包含该文件名的目录项，从而获取该文件的属性及其首地址。如文件 “00000103”的
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