pep小学英语语法知识汇总

英语语法知识一、词类：（一）动词：行为动词、be动词、情态动词。（1）行为动词原形、+s/es、+ed、+ing，具体判断方法如下：（2）be动词a、Am-was Is -was Are-were 口诀：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，所有复数全用are。b、肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He /She is(not) a teacher. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small. c、 一般疑问句 Am I ? Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are you/they? Yes,we/ they are. No,we/ they arent. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. is、am、are为一类，一般用于一般现在时、现在进行时和一般将来时中。was和were为另一类，一般用于一般过去时。（3）情态动词can、must、should、would、may。情态动词后动词总是用原形。（不受其他任何条件影响）（二）名词这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was。单数名词表示一个可数事物。复数名词表示两个或两个以上的可数事物。1).规则变化一般在名词后加s.如boyboys, penpens等。以s, x, sh, ch结尾的，在后面加es.如bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches. “以辅音字母+y”结尾的，y变为i，然后再加es.如babybabies. 以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为v, 再加es. 如knife, half, leaf, wolf等。以o结尾的名词，除tomato, potato等少数在后面加es外，一般是在后面直接加s.如kilokilos,photophotos,zoozoos, radioradios, pianopianos, videovideos.2).不规则变化 manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth,，child-children，mousemice 单复数形式相同如：sheepsheep, deerdeer, JapaneseJapanese, ChineseChinese等。 有些名词形式上是单数，实为复数意义，通常被称为复数名词，如：people, police等。 由-man和-woman构成的合成词如：policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen，Englishwoman-Englishwomen但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans.另外被man 或woman 修饰的名词变复数时，两个名词都要变。例：a man doctor two men doctors a woman teachersome women teachers 但: apple treeapple trees 有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes, trousers, glasses, chopsticks等。 数词+名词作定语时， 常采用数词+单数名词形式，如a two-week holiday,an 8-year old girl.另一种常见的形式有five minutes walk, two days leave等。 3）不可数名词没有单复数形式，要表示不可数名词的数量，可用以下两种方法。用much, a little, a lot of /lots of some, any等修饰不可数名词。如： The rich man has a lot of money.可用表单位的词修饰不可数名词， 如：a piece of paper, two pieces of paper, a bottle of orange, a glass of milk, three bags of rice。（三）形容词（包括副词）形容词表示某一事物或的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词只有两种形式：原形和+er。未作比较的情况下就用原形，比较时就+er。形容词的比较级当我们需要对事物作出比较时，需要用到比较级。比较级的句子结构通常是：什么 + 动词be (am , is , are ) + 形容词比较级 + （比）+ 什么 ,如：Im taller and heavier than you. （我比你更高和更重。）An elephant is bigger than a tiger.形容词的比较级是在形容词的基础上变化而来的，它的变化规则是： 一般的直接在词尾加er ，如 tall - taller , strong - stronger , 以e结尾的，直接加r ，如 fine finer , 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先改y为i再加er，如funny - funnier结尾是重读闭音节，而且结尾只有一个辅音时，双写这个辅音再加 “-er”，例如：big bigger, hot hotter除此之外，还有几个特殊的单词，它的比较级和最高级都是不规则的，如：many / much（原形） more（比较级） most（最高级） little / few（原形） less （比较级） least（最高级） good（原形） better（比较级） best（最高级）bad （原形） worse（比较级） worst（最高级） far （原形） further furthest新 课 标 第一 网附加：形容词的最高级变化类似于比较级，只是把词尾的er改成est，如：tall （原形）- taller （比较级）- tallest （最高级）long（原形）- longer（比较级）- longest（最高级）big （原形）- bigger（比较级）- biggest（最高级）注意 比较的两者应该是互相对应的可比较的东西。典型错误：My hair is longer than you.（我的头发比你更长。比较的两者是我的头发、你（整个人），那么比较的对象就没有可比性。应该改为：My hair is longer than yours. 或My hair is longer than your hair.附：如果比较的两者是一样的时候，我们会用 asas这个词组，它的用法是：什么+be+as+形容词原形+as+什么，意思是什么和什么一样。如：Im as tall as you.（我和你一样高。）My feet are as big as yours.（我的脚和你的一样大。）4)形容词、副词比较级的特殊用法形容词/副词比较级+than+ any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”，含义是“最”。例如，Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earliest in his class.注意：Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Toms class.“the+形容词比较级+of the two+”表示“.是两者中较的”。如，Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。He is getting taller and taller.“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越,越,”。The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make5).最高级常用句型结构www . “主语+be+ the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“是中最的”。如，Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students. “主语+be+ one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“是中最之一”。如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.序数词+最高级 Hainan Island is the second largest island in China.比较级专项练习一、从方框中选出合适的单词完成句子heavy tall long much many big (1) How is the Yellow River?(2) How is Mr Green? Hes 175cm.(3) How are your feet? I wear size 18.(4) How is the white T-shirt? Its 100 yuan.(5) How apples are there in the bag? There are 5(6) How is the fish? Its 2kg.二、根据句意写出所缺的单词(1) Im 12 years old. Youre 14. Im than you.(2) A rabbits tail is than a monkeys tail.(3) An elephant is than a pig.(4) A lake is than a sea.(5) A basketball is than a football.四、根据答句写出问句(1) Im 160 cm.(2) Im 12 years old.(3) My shoes are 80 yuan. (4) Amys hair is 30 cm long.(5) I have three English books.两个重要特征：asas中间一定用原形，有than的时候一定+er。（四）冠词有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母aeiou）前，a用于辅音音素前。（五）人称代词和物主代词人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。物主代词：有两类：形容词性物主代词（短的）和名词性物主代词（长的）一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词（短的）；如无，就用名词性物主代词（长的）。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。指示代词：指近处：thisthese 指远处：thatthose我我们你你们他她它他们主格I we you you he she it they 宾格me us you you him her it them 形容词性物主代词my our your your his her its their名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs （六）数量词我们学过两类：基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少，而基数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。序数词的前面一般都加the。知识要点1)基数词:在十位数词和个位数词中间加上连字符 - 。如: 21 twenty one基数词三位以上的数词, 在百位和十位之间,一般要用连词and 。 如: 132 one hundred and thirty-two.表示万的词英语中没有.如1万可用10千来表示。 ten thousand. 30万可用 three hundred thousand 来表示。 基数词的用法: xk b 1.co m1.编号的事物用基数词: 如:Lesson Five, Room 1012.表示年,月,日 时用基数词。 3.表示 几点钟, 几点过几分 用基数词。It is two to two. 现在是两点差两分。4.加减乘除用基数词。 One plus two is three.一加二等于三。Eight minus four is four. 八减四等于四。Two times two is four.二乘二等于四.Ten divided by two is five.十除二等于五。5表示百分数用基数词. Thirty percent of them is water. 它们当中有30%的水。6.表示分数时,分子数字用基数词, 但分母要用序数词, 如分子不是1,序数词要用复数形式。 One-fifth of the books are mine. 三分之一的书是我的。Three-tenths of water is disappeared. 十分之三的水不见了。2)序数词:表示数目顺序的词用序数词。 1.序数词119 除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九, 第十二变化不规则外, 其余均由在基数词后加上 -th。 2.十位整数的序数词的构成方法是, 是将十位整数基数词的词尾 -y 变成 i 再加 -eth。 3.几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词, 十位数不变。 4.第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first ，one thousand，three hundred and twentieth 5.序数词的缩写形式 有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。 firstlst second2nd third3rd fourth4th sixth6th twentieth20th twenty-third23rd 其中lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 6.通常前面要加定冠词 the；但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时，则表示“再”，“又”.Weve tried it three timesMust we try it a fourth time? 7.基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写) 即可，不需要添加定冠词。the first lessonLesson One ，the fifth pagePage 5, the twenty-first roomRoom 21www .xk 二、句子否定句：be动词（am、is、are、was、were）+not、情态动词（can、must、should）+ not、助动词（do、does、did） + not如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句：1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤：（1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。（2）确定助动词用do、does还是did，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does，动词用过去式的助动词就有did。（3）在助动词后加not。（4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。一般疑问句。基本特征：(1)用Yes或No回答的叫做一般疑问句。(2)一般疑问句的回答要注意前后一致！1、动词要用助动词do提问，do有三种形式:（1）过去时间用did提问。（2）一般现在时中的第三人称单数he/she/it用does提问。（3）其他用do提问。（4）用do/does/did提问，后面用动词原形。（5）用什么提问，用什么答。例子：1.Do you go to school on foot? Yes, I do. / No, I dont.2.Does Mike go to school by bike? Yes, he does./ No, he doesnt.3.Did you go to U.S.A yesterday? Yes, I did./ No, I didnt.2、名词或形容词要用be动词提问。be有三种形式:（1）I用am提问，过去时间用was提问。（2）he/she/it/单个姓名用is提问，过去时间用was提问。（3）其他用are提问，过去时间用were提问。3、特殊的：（1）现在进行时用be动词提问。（be+现在分词ing）（2）is he/she/it问，he/she/it is答（3）is there问，there is答；are there问，there are答.（4）are they问, they are答.（5）问I，答you; 问you（你），答I; 问we，答you（你们）; 问you（你们），答we（6）问he，答he; 问she，答she; 问it，答it; 问they，答they.（7）用can问，用can答; 用must问，用must答; 用will问，用will答；用should问，用should答。如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句：1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤：（1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。（2）确定助动词用do、does还是did，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does，动词用过去式的助动词就有did。（3）把助动词后提到句首。（4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。四、特殊疑问句。表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。常用疑问词： 疑问词意思用法When什么时间问时间What time 什么时间问具体时间，如几点钟Who谁问人Whose 谁的问主人Where在哪里问地点where 配动词goWhich哪一个问选择Why 为什么问原因What 什么问东西、事物问爱好；问职业；问外貌What about。怎么样问意见What for 为何目的问目的How 。怎样问情况How many多少数量（可数名词）问数量How much多少钱；多少数量（不可数名词）问多少钱或数量（不可数）与What有关的疑问词短语：1. What colour：什么颜色（问颜色）2. What time：几点钟（问时间/问几点钟）What time is it now? It is 7:30.3. What day：星期几（问星期）What day is it today? It is Monday.4. What date：什么日期（问日期）What date is it today? It is June 1st.5. Whats the weather like today：（问天气）天气怎么样？ What was the weather like yesterday? It was cloudy.6.Whats the matter with you?（问病症）你怎么了？I have a cold.7.Whats your favourtite food/colour/animal/sport/class/season?My favourite food/colour/animal/sport/class/season is8.Who is your favourite teacher? 谁是你最喜爱的老师？Mr Chen/Miss Li is my favourite teacher.与How有关的疑问词短语：How many：多少（问数量） How much：多少（问价钱）How tall：多高（问身高） How old：多少岁（问年龄）How heavy:多重（问体重） How big：多大（问尺码、大小）How long：多长（问长度） How large：多少平方（问面积）五、祈使句表示请求或命令别人做某事或不要做某事。肯定祈使句一定是以动词原形开头（有时有please），否定的祈使句一定是dont加动词原形开头（有时有please）。把祈使句改为否定句只需在动词前加dont即可。There be 结构的用法there be句型有特点,主语放在be后边, 多个主语并列时,be随最近主语变。 变疑问很简单,把be提到there前。 变否定也不难,be的后面not添。 肯定句中用some, 疑问、否定any换。 介词短语表地点,有表存在记心间。 There be在主语前,have/has在主语后。 多个主语并列时,There be随第一主语变。 并列主语表所有,要用have是正理。 There be表存在, have/has表所有Fill in the blank with have,hasor there is , there are1.I_a good father and a good mother.2._a telescope on the desk.3.He_a tape-recorder.4._a basketball in the playground.5.She_some dresses.6.They_a nice garden. 7.What do you_?8._a reading-room in the building?9.What does Mike_?10._any books in the bookcase?11.My father_a story-book.12._a story-book on the table.13._any flowers in the vase?14.How many students_in the classroom?15.My parents_some nice pictures.16._some maps on the wall.17._a map of the world on the wall.18.David_a telescope.19.Davids friends_some tents.20._many children on the hill.Some 与 Anysome和any都有一些的含义,都能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,但用法却大有不同。 some 一般用在肯定句中。 如: There are some girls in the classroom.some有时也用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定回答,并不表示对某事有疑问。 如: Will you give me some ink?any一般用于疑问句和否定句中。 如: Are there any maps on the wall? 墙上有地图吗? There arent any trees behind the house. 房子后面没树。 英文字母大写情况总汇同学们都知道，英文字母有大写和小写两种形式。但你们知道什么情况下使用大写字母吗？Lets go and have a look!1. 英语句子开头的第一个单词的首字母要大写。实例：How are you? 你好吗？This is a book.这是一本书。2. 姓名中的姓和名的首字母都要大写。实例：Ann Read安里德, Zhou Hua周华3. 表示称呼语或职务的词首字母要大写。实例：Mr Green格林先生, Dr Li李博士4. 地名、语言名、某国人等词的首字母应大写。实例：England英国, Beijing北京, English英语, Chinese汉语、中国人5. 表示编号的词要大写。实例： Lesson Two第二课 Row 3第三排6. 星期、月份、节日名称也应大写。实例：Sunday星期日, September九月, Teachers Day教师节7. 大多数的缩略词要大写。实例：CCTV(中国中央电视台), ID(身份证), CD(光盘)8. I和OK在句中的任何位置都应大写。实例：Tom and I are students. 汤姆和我是学生。Thats OK.不用谢。9. 文章的标题、书名、报刊名称等，第一个单词和每一个实词的首字母都要大写。三、时态（一）现在进行时1.概念现在进行时表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作2用法：（1）表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情往往与 now, at the moment, just 等副词连用,以示强调We are waiting for you. What are you doing? （2）正在进行着的动作可视为未完成的动作：Hes talking to his friends in the classroom.可用 still 一词强调动作的持续性Hes still talking to his friends in the classroom.（3）表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行Mr. Black is writing another article.Dont take that book away. Your fathers using it.She is learning piano under Mr. Black.（4）现在进行时可用来表示不会长期发生的动作或情况,或被认为在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况：Whats your brother doing these days? Hes studying English at Oxford University.（5）现在进行时也可以用来表示当前的动向：People are becoming more and more beautiful these days.（6）表示渐变的动词有：become, turn, get, grow, run, go, begin等The leaves are turning brown.Its getting colder and colder.3.句型结构：助动词 be ( am / is / are ) +现在分词.1）肯定句：主语+be(am/ is/are)+doing+其他成分I am singing . They are writing .2）否定句：主语+be(am/ is/are)+not +doing+其他成分I am not singing . They arent writing .3）一般疑问句及回答：be(am/ is/are)+ 主语+doing+其他成分Am I singing ? Yes , you are . / No ,you arent .Are they writing ? Yes , they are . / No ,they arent .4)特殊疑问句及回答:特殊疑问词+be(am/ is/are)+主语+doing+其他成分What are you doing ? We are playing (要求就提问内容具体回答).4. 缩写形式如下:I am-Im You are-Youre He is-Hes She is-Shes It is-Its We are-Were They are-Theyre5.说明: 不是所有动词都能用现在进行时态的,如：see、like、want、know 等动词往往都不用进行时态通常在句子中有以下的词：now, look, listen, at present.如：1. I am listening to the music now. 2. The students are drawing pictures now. 3. Listen! She is singing .4. Look! Mr Li is riding a bike.Be动词+动词的ing形式两者缺少其中任何一种都不可以构成现在进行时。3.动词现在分词构成:1) 正常变化是在动词原型后加ing 如: read-reading ; drink-drinking ; eat-eating ; 2) 以e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing 如: write -writing ; make- making ; ride-riding ; 3).重读闭音节（ 只有一个元音字母，而其后跟有一个辅音字母时）要双写结尾的辅音字母再加ing sit-sitting ; swim-swimming ; put-putting ; runrunning例题：1. Listen! Who _ (speak) English in the library?2. She _ (like) music. Now she _ (sing).3. Dont _ (run) in the street.4. _ you _ (go) to school every day?5. Class is over. The pupils _ (play) games.6. Its 6:30. I _(get) up.7. Look, the pupils _ (have) an English class.8. My mother _ (wash) the bowls in the kitchen now.9. He _ (like) art very much. He _ (draw) a horse now.10. Let the children go away. They _ (make) noise here.一、写出下列动词的现在分词：play_ run_ swim _make_go_ like_ write_ _ski_read_ have_ sing _ dance_put_ see_ buy _ love_live_ take_ come _ get_stop_ sit _ begin_ shop_二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.The boy _ ( draw)a picture now.2. Listen .Some girls _ ( sing)in the classroom .3. My mother _ ( cook )some nice food now.4. What _ you _ ( do ) now?5. Look . They _( have) an English lesson .6.They _(not ,water) the flowers now.7.Look! the girls _(dance )in the classroom .8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _(listen ) to music.9. Its 5 oclock now. We _(have)supper now10._Helen_(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is .练习 一.用现在进行时完成下列句子:1. _you_(fly) a kite? Yes,_.2. _you_(sit) in the boat?3. _he_(talk) with me?4. We_(play) football now.5. What_you_(do)?6. I_(sing) an English song.7. What_he_(mend)?8. He_(mend) a car.9. These boys _ (play) tennis on the playground.10. My mother_ (cook) in the kitchen.11. We cant help you,because we _ (have )classes.12. _ the boy _ (write) his homework?13. Look! These butterflies _ (fly) in the sky.14. Listen! The girl _ (sing) in the next room.15. The naughty boy _ (swim) in the river.二.选择1. Look. Lucy is_ a new bike today.A. jumping B. running C. riding D takeing2. The children _ football.A. is playing B. are playing C. play the D. play a3. They _TV in the evening. They do their homework.A. are watching B. cant watching C. dont watch D. dont watching4. Listen! She_ in the classroom.A. is singingB. sing C .to sing D. is sing5. _are you eating? Im eating _ meat.A. What,some B. Which,any C. Where,not D. What,a6. Is she _ something?A. eat B. eating C. eatting D. eats7.My dictionary _,I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost,dont find B. is missing,dont findC. has lost,havent found D. is missing,havent found.8.Having a computer for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changedD. will change9. The building_ ,I cant stand the noise.A. was being built B. is built C. is being built D. builds10. I cant catch up with the fashion,because the clothes style_ all the time.A. has changed B. is changed C. is changing D. changed11. Its six in the afternoon. The Greens_ lunch together.A. has B. are having C. have hadD. had had12. Dont make any noise while the students_ to the class. A. are listening B. listened C. have listened D. had listened13. Jack and Ketty_ in the lake. Lets join them,shall we? A. swim B. have swum C. swamD. are swimming14. Look! The children_ basketball on the playground.A. plays B. played C. is playing D. are playing15. The kite_ high in the sky now. It looks like a big bird.A. has flown B. is flying C. was flying D. flew16.As we all know,the population in the world _ faster and faster.A. is grown B. is growing C. are grown D. are growing17. To my surprise,he_ in class.A. is always speaking B. would always speak C. has always been speaking D. does speak always18. I want to know when he