医学心理学概述课件

第一章绪论Introduction 医学心理学概述AboutMedicalPsychology医学心理学的研究方法ResearchMethods AboutMedicalPchology MedicalPsychology的概念和研究范围MedicalPsychology是医学和心理学相结合的交叉学科 它研究心理学变量与健康或疾病变量之间的关系 研究解决医学领域中有关健康和疾病的心理行为问题 KeyWords MedicalpsychologyMedicalpsychologyisabranchofappliedpsychologydevotedtopsychologicalproblemsarisinginthepracticeofmedicine includingpsychologicalaspectsofpain terminalillness bereavement disability andreactionstomedicaladvice 研究心理行为的生物学和社会学基础及在健康和疾病中的意义心理的实质研究心身相互作用的规律和机制研究心理行为因素在疾病发生 发展 诊断 治疗和康复及健康维护过程中的作用和规律性格与疾病研究各种疾病过程中的心理行为变化及干预方法研究如何将心理行为的科学知识和技术应用于医学其他领域 心理的实质 心理是脑的机能 即任何心理活动都产生于脑 所有心理活动都是脑的高级机能的表现 如前额叶损伤与异常社会行为有关等 心理是客观现实的主观能动的反映 即所有心理活动的内容都来源于外界 是客观事物在脑中的主观反映 狼孩 代沟 性格与成长环境等 A型性格与冠心病 A型行为模式 表现为 个性强 过分的抱负 强烈的竞争意识 固执 好争辩 说话带有挑衅性 急噪 紧张 好冲动 大声说话 做事快 走路快 说话快 总是匆匆忙忙 富含敌意 具有攻击性等 抑郁型性格与健康抑郁是常见的心理感冒 许多人都不同程度的感受过情绪低落给人带来的精神上的痛苦 表现出 对自己不满 对生活不满 悲观绝望 失眠或嗜睡 食欲下降 不愿活动和参加社交活动 思维迟钝 反应缓慢 注意力不能集中 厌世并有自杀念头 癌症敏感型性格调查发现 克己 压抑 焦虑 易怒 抑郁 无助 敌视 完美主义 过分为别人着想等性格与癌症有关 外界社会生活压力作用于有上述性格的人 产生抑郁 愤怒和悲观的情绪 影响内分泌的正常功能 造成肾上腺激素和肾上腺皮质激素分泌增加 使免疫功能下降 产生肿瘤 AboutMedicalPchology MedicalPsychology的分支和相关学科ClinicalPsychology 临床心理学 Neuropsychology 神经心理学 PhysiologicalPsychology PsychologicalPhysiology 生理心理学与心理生理学 AbnormalPsychology 变态心理学 HealthPsychology 健康心理学 PsychosomaticMedicine 心身医学 BehavioralMedicine 行为医学 AboutMedicalPchology MedicalModel 医学模式 与MedicalModel的转变MedicalModel是从总体上认识健康和疾病及其相互转化的哲学观点BiologicalMedicalModel 生物医学模式 Bio psycho socialMedicalModel 生物 心理 社会医学模式 HolisticMedicalModel 整体医学模式 神灵主义的医学模式自然哲学的医学模式BiologicalMedicalModel身心二元论Bio psycho socialMedicalModel身心统一论HolisticMedicalModel健康是整体素质健康 即身体素质 心理素质和素质三者完整结合 疾病是整体素质不好 主要是不良的行为习惯和行为方式导致 KeyWords MedicalmodelMedicalmodelmeanstheconcepts assumptionsandrulesthatdoctorsandresearchersintheirpursuitofknowledgeandthesolutionofproblems thebriefdefinitionistheopinionofhealthanddisease Bio Psych SocialmedicalmodelBiologicalfactors psychologicalfactorsandsocialfactorscanalleffecthealthanddisease andalsoeffectthetreatment KeyWords TheholisticmedicalmodelHealthconsistsofphysicalhealth psychologicalhealthandhavingagoodsocialfunction Holisticmedicalmodelthinksthatthebehaviorismoreimportantfactoreffectinghealthanddisease ResearchMethods 描述心理行为状况检验变量间的关系预测对象将来的发展 ResearchMethods Cross sectionstudie Longitudinalstudy 横断研究与纵向研究 Prospectivestudy Retrospectivestudy 前瞻性研究与回顾性研究 ResearchMethods Observationmethod 观察法 Casestudy 个案法 Correlationalresearch 相关研究 Testmethod 测验法 Surveymethod 调查法 Experimentalmethod 实验法 KeyWords ObservationalmethodAresearchmethodologymostoftenusedincertainareasofsocialpsychology developmentalpsychology andethologyinwhichtheinvestigatorrecordsbehaviorasfaraspossiblewithoutinfluencingit Anobservationalfieldstudyisconductedinanaturallyoccurringsituation andanobservationallaboratorystudyiscarriedoutinanartificiallaboratoryenvironment KeyWords SurveyresearchResearchmethodsforinvestigatingthedistributionofattitudes opinions mentaldisorders andothercharacteristicsofindividualsinspecificsectionsofapopulation orinawholepopulation oftenbrokendownintodemographicgroupsdefinedbygeographicallocation ethnicidentity age sex socialclass maritalstatus education andsimilarcriteria Surveysdesignedtocomparedifferentculturesorsubculturesarecalledcross culturalsurvey KeyWords CasestudyAresearchmethodinvolvingadetailedinvestigationofasingleindividualorasingleorganizedgroup usedextensivelyinclinicalpsychologyandalso thoughlessoften inotherbranchesofthediscipline Incasestudiesoforganizedgroups participantobservationisoftenused KeyWords CorrelationstudyAnon experimentaltypeofresearchdesign withoutmanipulationofanindependentvariables inwhichpatternsofcorrelationsbetweentwoormorevariablesareanalyzed ExperimentaldesignThegeneralplanofanexperiment includingthemethodofassigningresearchparticipantsorsubjectstotreatmentconditions controllingextraneousvariables manipulatingtheindependentvariable andmeasuringthedependentvariable Summary Medicalpsychologyrevolvesaroundtheideathatboththebodyandmindareone indivisiblestructure Continuingwiththislineofthought alldiseaseswhetherofthemindorofthephysicalbodymustbetreatedasiftheyhavebothbeenaffected TheintentofMedicalPsychologyistoapplyknowledgefromallbranchesofpsychologyandmedicineintheprevention assessment andtreatmentofallformsofphysicaldiseases Medicalpsychologyassertsitsmainfunctioninthedeterminationofpersonalitystylesofcopingandtheexaminationofattitudesofanindividualinresponsetosubjectiveandobjectivestressors Medicalpsychologistsalsohelpinthedeterminationofgenetic biochemical andphysiologicfactorsinillnessesandreactiontoillnesses Thesearejoinedwithpsychosocialfactorsdeemedcontributorytodiseasesprocesses Specificbehavioralmethodsarethenusedtohelpthepersonmatchcopingandmanagementskillstotheperson sability character andpersonalitystyle Summary ThebiopsychosocialmodelwasdevelopedbyDr GeorgeEngelwhowasaProfessorofPsychiatryandMedicine Thebiopsychosocialmodeltakesintoaccountthepsychological interpersonalandsocietalinfluencesinthediagnosisandtreatmentofpatients Thecomponentsofthebiopsychosocialmodeladdtothepurelybiomedicalmodelofclinicalcarewhichfocusesonpathologyandthemechanismsofdiseaseandtherapeutics Amedicalmanhadtopayattentiontothebiopsychosocialaspectsinconjunctionwiththebiomedicalprinciplesindeliveringclinicalcare providingeducation communityserviceandconductingresearch Summary Studymethodsofmedicalpsychologyarevarying justasthevariousdisciplineswithinpsyc