组织绩效评估unit 2.ppt

Unit2 TheRiseoftheAmericanAdministrativeState DavidH Rosenbloom DavidH Rosenbloom born1943 isawell knownscholarinthefieldofPublicAdministration HeistheDistinguishedProfessorofPublicAdministrationattheSchoolofPublicAffairsatAmericanUniversityinWashington DC andiscurrentlyservingasChairProfessorofPublicManagement CityUniversityofHongKong Anotedauthorityonissuesrelatedtoadministrativelawandpublicsectorpersonnelpolicies RosenbloomiswidelyknownforhisapproachtothefieldwhichstressesunderstandingAmericanpublicadministrationfromthreeperspectivesmirroringtheconstitutionalseparationofpowers law politicsandmanagement AdministrativeState行政国家 TheAdministrativeStateisDwightWaldo sclassicpublicadministrationtextbasedonadissertationwrittenatYaleinwhichWaldoarguesthatdemocraticstatesareunderpinnedbyprofessionalandpoliticalbureaucraciesandthatscientificmanagementandefficiencyisnotthecoreideaofgovernmentbureaucracy butratheritisservicetothepublic Theworkhascontributedtothestructureandtheoryofgovernmentbureaucraciestheworldoverandisoneofthedefiningworksofpublicadministrationandpoliticalsciencewritteninthelast75years Publishedin1948andlaterreissuedinasecondeditionwithanextensivelyrevisedintroductionbyWaldo 行政国家 作为一种学术研究的概念和理论最早由美国行政管理学家德怀特 沃尔多于1948年发表 1984年再版的 行政国家 美国行政学的政治理论研究 一书中提出 经过弗里茨 马克斯于1957年发表的 行政国家 科层体制概论 等研究成果的发展 已成为一种确认的理论和公共行政的研究领域 概念 行政国家是指人类社会发展到这么一个阶段 国家行政权渗透到人们社会生活的各个领域 人们在其生命的整个过程中离不开行政机关 行政机关的行为成为影响人们生命 财产 自由和国家安全 稳定 发展的一种几乎无所不能之物 行政国家首先是一种国家公共行政职能的现象 其次是一种国家公共权力的现象 同时也是一种国家公共事务管理现象 主要是指19世纪末 20世纪初 与垄断的进行相一致 尤其是第二次世界大战以后 在资本主义国家立法 司法 行政三权分立的国家权利主体的关系中 行政权力和活动扩展 具有制定同议会立法效力相当的行政命令权和制定同法院判决效力相近的行政裁判权 大量直接管理和介入国家事务和社会事务 从而起着最活跃和最强有力国家的作用的一种国家现象 标志与成因 标志行政机构和行政人员大量增加 行政职能大为扩张行政权力大为膨胀行政自由裁量大为增加成因经济迅速发展科技发展与进步议会民主的衰落和普通司法单轨制对现代社会的不适应 Civilianpublicemployees Acivilservantorpublicservantisacivilianpublicsectoremployeeworkingforagovernmentdepartmentoragency Thetermexplicitlyexcludesthearmedservices althoughcivilianofficialswillworkat DefenceMinistry headquarters Thetermalwaysincludesthe sovereign state semployees whetherregional orsub state orevenmunicipalemployeesarecalled civilservants variesfromcountrytocountry Constitutionalgovernment Aconstitutionalgovernmentisanygovernmentwhoseauthorityandconstructionaredefinedbyaconstitution Thegovernmentneednotbeofaspecifictype suchasdemocratic socialist etc ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesisthesupremelawoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica TheConstitutionistheframeworkfortheorganizationoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentandfortherelationshipofthefederalgovernmentwiththestates citizens andallpeoplewithintheUnitedStates TheConstitutioncreatesthethreebranchesofthenationalgovernment alegislature thebicameralCongress anexecutivebranchledbythePresident andajudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourt TheConstitutionspecifiesthepowersanddutiesofeachbranch TheConstitutionreservesallunenumeratedpowerstotherespectivestatesandthepeople therebyestablishingthefederalsystemofgovernment TheConstitutionwasadoptedonSeptember17 1787 bytheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia Pennsylvania andratifiedbyconventionsineachU S stateinthenameof ThePeople TheConstitutionhasbeenamendedtwenty seventimes thefirsttenamendmentsareknownastheBillofRights TheUnitedStatesConstitutionistheoldestwrittenconstitutionstillinusebyanynationintheworld FoundationofUS ThehistoryoftheUnitedStatestraditionallystartswiththeDeclarationofIndependenceintheyear1776 yetitsterritorywasoccupiedfirstbytheNativeAmericanssinceprehistorictimesandthenalsobyEuropeancolonistswhofollowedthevoyagesofChristopherColumbusstartingin1492 ThelargestsettlementswerebytheEnglishontheEastCoast startingin1607 Bythe1770stheThirteenColoniescontainedtwoandhalfmillionpeople wereprosperous andhaddevelopedtheirownpoliticalandlegalsystems BeBritishgovernment sthreattoAmericanself governmentledtowarand1775andtheDeclarationofIndependencein1776 WithmajormilitaryandfinancialsupportfromFrance thepatriotswontheAmericanRevolution In1789theConstitutionbecamethebasisfortheUnitedStatesfederalgovernment withwarheroGeorgeWashingtonasthefirstpresident 1660s TheConstitutionofSanMarinoisdistributedoveranumberoflegislativeinstrumentsofwhichthemostsignificantaretheStatutesof1600andtheDeclarationofCitizenRightsof1974asamendedin2002 ThecurrentlegalsystemofSanMarinobeganonOctober8 1600 MiltonFriedman弗里德曼 MiltonFriedman July31 1912 November16 2006 wasanAmericaneconomist statistician aprofessorattheUniversityofChicago andtherecipientoftheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciences FoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates TheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStateswerepoliticalleadersandstatesmenwhoparticipatedintheAmericanRevolutionbysigningtheDeclarationofIndependence takingpartintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar establishingtheUnitedStatesConstitution orbysomeotherkeycontribution Withinthelargegroupknownasthe FoundingFathers therearetwokeysubsets the SignersoftheDeclarationofIndependence whosignedtheUnitedStateDeclarationofIndependencein1776 andthe FramersoftheConstitution whoweredelegatestotheFederalConventionandtookpartinframingordraftingtheproposedConstitutionoftheUnitedStates BenjaminFranklin January17 1706January6 1705 April17 1790 wasoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates Anotedpolymath Franklinwasaleadingauthorandprinter politicaltheorist politician postmaster scientist inventor satirist civicactivist statesman anddiplomat GeorgeWashington February22 1732 December14 1799 wasthedominantmilitaryandpoliticalleaderofthenewUnitedStatesofAmerica thefirstpresidentJohnAdams Oct 30 1735 Jul 4 1826 thefirstvicepresident 1789 1797 thesecondpresident 1797 1801 ThomasJefferson April13 1743 July4 1826 wasthethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates 1801 1809 andtheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependenceJohnJay December12 1745 May17 1829 wasanAmericanpolitician statesman revolutionary diplomat aFoundingFatheroftheUnitedStates JamesMadison March16 1751 June28 1836 wasanAmericanpoliticianandpoliticalphilosopherwhoservedasthefourthPresidentoftheUnitedStatesandAlexanderHamilton January11 1755or1757 July12 1804 wasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasury aFoundingFather JamesQ Wilson威尔逊 JamesQ Wilson bornMay27 1931 isanAmericanacademicpoliticalscientistandanauthorityonpublicadministration HeisaprofessorandseniorfellowattheCloughCenterfortheStudyofConstitutionalDemocracyatBostonCollege UnitedStatesPostalService USPS TheUnitedStatesPostalService USPS isanindependentagencyoftheUnitedStatesgovernment establishedin1971asan independentestablishmentoftheexecutivebranch responsibleforprovidingpostalserviceintheUnitedStates ItisoneofthefewgovernmentagenciesexplicitlyauthorizedbytheUnitedSta