电离和水解方程式.doc

九、电离方程式1、酸的电离(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClO)H2SO4=2H+SO42- 或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+SO42- HNO3=H+NO3- 或：HNO3+H2O=H3O+NO3- (以下雷同)HCl=H+ClHBr=H+BrHI=H+IH3PO4H+H2PO H2POH+HPO HPOH+POHFH+FH2SO3H+HSO HSOH+SOCH3COOHH+CH3COOH2CO3H+ H+H2SH+ H+HNO2H+NOC6H5OHH+C6H5O- (苯酚不是酸，显酸性)HCNH+CN HClOH+ClOH2OH+OH 2H2OH3O+OH 2、碱的电离(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、NH3H2O)NaOH=Na+OHKOH=K+OHBa(OH)2=Ba2+2OHMg(OH)2Mg2+2OHAl(OH)3Al3+3OH 酸式电离：Al(OH)3H+H2ONH3H2O+2OHCa(OH)2=Ca2+2OH (澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2Ca2+2OH (石灰悬浊液)3、盐的电离(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4、CaSO4、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3)NaCl=Na+ClNa2SO4=2Na+NaHSO4=H+Na+Na2SO3=2Na+NaHSO3=Na+HSO3- (错误书写：NaHSO3=Na+H+SO42-)MgSO4=Mg2+Al2(SO4)3=2Al3+3CuSO4=Cu2+AlCl3=Al3+3ClAgNO3=Ag+NO3CH3COONa=CH3COO+Na+NH4NO3=NH4+NO3-FeCl3=Fe3+3ClNa2CO3=2Na+NaHCO3=Na+ (错误书写：NaHCO3=Na+H+) Na2S=2Na+NaHS=Na+HS (错误书写：NaHS=Na+H+)NaH2PO4=Na+H2PONa2HPO4=2Na+HPO (错误书写：Na2HPO4=2Na+H+PO)Na3PO4=3Na+POKI=K+INaBr=Na+BrNaClO=Na+ClOAgClAg+ (难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离)CaCO3Ca2+ (错误书写：CaCO3=Ca2+CO)CaSO4Ca2+SO(错误书写：CaSO4=Ca2+SO)3、熔融电离NaClNa+MgCl2Mg2+2Na2O2Na+O2Al2O32Al3+3O2十、水解反应1、单水解-可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3H2O+HCl NH4+H2OH+NH3H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3HCl Fe3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+ AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl Al3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4 (金属活动顺序表中Mg2+以后的阳离子均水解)NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH (NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3电离大于水解)Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+NaOH CO32-+H2OHCO3-+OHNaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OHNaHSO3+H2OH2SO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2ONaHS+NaOH S2-+H2OHS-+OHNaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HS-+H2OH2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+NaOHPO43-+H2OHPO42-+OHNa2HPO4+H2ONaH2PO4+NaOH HPO42-+H2OH2PO4-+OHNaH2PO4+H2OH3PO4+NaOH H2PO4-+H2OH3PO4+OHCH3COONa+H2OCH3COOH+NaOH CH3COO-+H2OCH3COOH+OH C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH2、双水解CH3COONH4+H2OCH3COOH+NH3H2ONH4F+H2OHF+NH3H2OAl2S3+6H2O=Al(OH)3+H2S (隔绝空气，密封保存)Mg3N2+6H2O=Mg(OH)2+NH3(隔绝空气，密封保存)Na3P+3H2O=3NaOH+PH3(隔绝空气，