一 选词与句子.ppt

ABasicCourseinWriting ChapterOneWordandSentence 1 TeachingObjective Attheendofthistwohours thestudentswillbeableto KnowbasicknowledgeofManuscriptformDifferentiatevariousstylesinEnglish namely formal general colloquial andslang AvoidsomepitfallsofChinglish andCanwritegoodsentences Teachingcontent theappropriatewordsTeachingFocus Formalandgeneral colloquialandslang styleandaudience Chinglish avoidrepetitionofmeaning ManuscriptformDictionSentences Contents Manuscriptform ArrangementMarginTitleParagrapharrangementWordDivisionCapitalizationHandwriting Title 标题多由名词短语组成 首字母大写 位置居中 冠词 短的介词 并列连词和不定式的 to 如位于句子中间 首字母均小写 句尾除直接疑问句不用标点符号 书名斜体 文章名用引号括起来 e g WhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean Well LightedPlaceDifferentViewsOnJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrost s FireandIce WordDivision 原则 1 含2个音节以上的单词按照音节的组成断词 2 专有名词不断词 3 避免引起读者歧义的断词 4 带连字符的单词 连字符位于句尾 5 避免出现连续几行的断词 Punctuation TheCommaThePeriodTheSemicolonTheColonQuotationMarksThedashTheslash 汉语有但英语没有的某些标点符号 顿号 顿号在汉语中起分割句子中并列成分的作用 英语中没有顿号 分割句中的并列成分多用逗号 例如 晶体管是由发射极 基极和集电极三部分构成的 Atransistorconsistsofthreeparts emitter baseandcollector 注意 类似的情况下 最后一个逗号后可加and 这个逗号也可省略 例如 欧姆首先发现了电流 电压 电阻之间的关系 Ohmfirstdiscoveredtherelationshipbetweencurrent voltage andresistance 书名号 英文没有书名号 书名 报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示 例如 计算机入门 An IntroductiontoComputer An IntroductiontoComputer 图像处理的研究 The ResearchonImageProcessing The ResearchonImageProcessing注意 论文 书籍的各级标题前的冠词可以省略 另外 英语中文章 诗歌 乐曲 电影 绘画等的名称和交通工具 航天器等的专有名词也常用斜体来表示 间隔号 汉语有间隔号 用在月份和日期 音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间 如 一二 九 艾萨克 牛顿 人名 等 英语中没有汉语的间隔号 需要间隔时多用逗号或括号注明 如 ConsumerRightsDay Mar 15 着重号有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语 这些实心点就是着重号 而英语中没有这一符号 需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体 某些强调性词汇 特殊句型 标点停顿等多种方法 例如 切忌按消除键 DonotpresstheERASERkey 英语有但汉语没有的标点符号 英语有些标点符号如 撇号 Apostrophe 连字号 Hyphen 斜线号 Virgule或Slash 在汉语中是不存在的 斜线符号主要起分割作用 如Itcouldbeforstaffand orstudents 也常用于标音 如bed bed 大家在用英语写作的时候 需要特别留意才能正确使用标点符号 TheSlash 用于表示句子当中两个选择的成分 e g Theschoolgivesstudentswhohavefinancialdifficultiesloans part timejobs 用于分子和分母之间 用于表示 每 e g Thehouseissoldat5 000yuan squaremeter 汉英两种语言中的不同符号 句号中文的句号是空心圈 英文的句号是实心点 省略号英文的省略号是三个点 位置在行底 中文的为六个点 居于行中 在美国英语中 如果省略号恰好在句尾 就用四个点 如I dliketo thatis ifyoudon tmind 破折号中文中的破折号比英文中破折号要长 英文的破折号只占两个字母的位置 中文的破折号占两个汉字的位置 例如 Theboys Jim John andJeff leftthepartyearly 小伙子们 吉姆 约翰和杰夫 早早地离开了舞会 美国英语与英国英语标点符号的差别 引号的用法属于引语的逗号 句号在美国英语中位于引号内 而在英国英语中多位于引号外 引语内再套用引语时 美国英语中双引号在外单引号在内 而英国英语中的单引号在外 双引号在内 美国英语Johnsaid Itoldhimto lookbeforeheleaps buthedidn tlisten 英国英语 Johnsaid Itoldhimto lookbeforeheleaps buthedidn tlisten 冒号的用法冒号可以用来表示时间 但大家得注意英国人和美国人表示时间的差异 美国英语在小时与分钟之间多用冒号 如14 50 英国英语则多用句点 如14 50 美国英语中 信件或演说词的称呼语之后用冒号 而在英国英语中多用逗号 Back Diction Wordsarethebuildingblocksofwriting therefore agoodcommandofthemiscrucial Choiceofwordsisaveryimportantissueinwriting sothisunitfocusesonchoosingthecorrectwordtoexpressanidea 正确性原则恰当性原则生动性原则精炼性原则 正确性原则 Ex Correctthefollowingsentences1 Whydoyoualwaysagainstme 2 Iwillcometothemeetingevenitrainstomorrow 3 Thetwobrothersjoinedthearmyatthesametime howevertheyweresenttodifferenttrainingcenters 4 Don tinterfereothers affairs 5 Lastyearhemarriedwithalovelygirlinthesamevillage 6 Nowadays computerhasbecomeourgoodfriend 恰当性原则 1 FormalandGeneral Inthissection studentsareexpectedtoclearuponemisunderstanding i e themoreformalwordstheyuse thebetterthewholepieceofwritingis Studentsshouldbeawarethatinmostcasesitisgeneralwordsthatplaythemajorrole Moreexample 1 Afteradoubleattempttoinserthimselfthroughthewindow Michaelconcededfailure InplainEnglish Aftertwotriesatclimbinginthroughthewindow Michaelgaveup Vague whenIwasyoung wemovedfromoneareatoanother Revised whenIwaseightyearsold wemovefromDetroittoOhio V thepatient swoundwastreated R thenursebandagedthesoldier sminorwound V yourrelativeisnicetome R yourauntBettyalwaysstopsandtalkstomewhenshemeetsmeinthestreet V Johnisagoodstudent R Incollege Johnhasbeenrewardedascholarshipoverfiveyears 身份恰当方式恰当 studentshavetolearntochoosetheappropriatestylewhenwritingtodifferentaudiencesandindifferentcontexts TheEnglishlanguagehasmanystyles ThemaindialectusedbyeducatedwritersandspeakersofEnglishiscalledStandardEnglish whichappearsinmanydifferentstyles personal impersonal simple elaborate Peopleoftendividethesestylesintothreelevels Informal Formal andGeneral Eachlevelisappropriateincertainsituationsbutnotinall InformalEnglishhasaconversationaltone WritersofinformalEnglishfrequentlyusecontractions colloquialexpressionsandslang Theirsentencestructureisusuallyloosewithmoreand sfewersubordinateclausesthaninotherlevelsofwriting InformalEnglishisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinjournalismbutisgenerallyconsideredinappropriateforcollegepapers FormalEnglishisfoundintechnicalreports scholarlybooksandarticles andmanytypesofprofessionaloracademicwriting GeneralEnglishfollowsamiddlecoursebetweenFormalandInformallevels MostofitssentencesarelesscomplexthanthoseofFormalEnglishbuttighterthanthoseofinformalEnglish GeneralEnglishisusuallythebestchoiceforcollegeorbusinesswriting Asforvocabulary everydaywordsaremainlyofAngloSaxonorigin whilewordsofGreek FrenchandLatinoriginsaremostlyformalorlearnedwords Itwouldbehelpful whenyoulearnaformalword torememberaninformalwordwiththesameornearlythesamemeaning 2 ColloquialandSlang TheaimofthissectionistoremindstudentsthatcolloquialandslangexpressionsshouldbeusedcaustiouslyinwritingalthoughtheyarewidelyusedinspokenEnglish 生动性原则 a TowatchJackeatinghisicecreamstimulatedme b TowatchJacksavoringhisicecreammademymouthwater a Theflowersinmygardenareinfullbloom b Theroses liliesandvioletsinmygardenareallinfullbloom a Sheputthewastepaperintothedustbinquickly b Shethrew thrust sweptthewastepaperintothedustbin AgoodmanKind honest just generous sympathetic warm hearted selfless brave honorable GoodfoodTasty delicious nourishing rich wholesome fresh appetizing abundant HouseMansion villa chateau cottage bungalow cabin hut shack shanty shed barn LaughSmile grin beam giggle chuckle titter sniggerguffaw狂笑 chortle哈哈大笑 Ex usemorespecificandconcretewordsforthoseitalicized i Ihadanawfultimeatthedancingparty ii IthinkProfessorSmithisabadteacher iii Palphgavehiswifeapresentforherbirthday iv Ourcollegeprovidedthestudentswithsomefineprograms v Itisfunnyhowhegetstoknoweveroneintheparty boring incompetent exquisitevase stimulating strange vi Wehadagoodtimeonlastweekends vii Themoviehadaninterestingstory viii IlikemyEnglishteacherbecauseshehasanicecharacter ix TherearecertainthingsIlookforinjudgingaperson spersonality x Iwasastonishedthatonlyseveralpeopleattendedthegame enjoyable touching friendly traits five DenotationMeaningawellchosenwordisworthathousandpictures Ifyouwanttoselectthewordthatexpressesexactlywhatyouintendtosay youmustfirstofallunderstanditsdenotation whatitliterallymeans ConnotativeMeaning Wechoosewordsfortheirliteralaswellasfortheirimpliedmeanings Whereasdenotationsaregenerallyneutral connotationsmayreflectfeelings attitudesandemotionalovertones 暗示 有 色彩 Completethetablewithsynonyms Strange compliment pigheaded oldperson bachelorgirl Fillintheblankswithwordsintheabovetable Hehasthemostuniquedistinctionofhavingwrittenspeecheswhichwereeffectivewhendelivered Manyofthemanagingpostsarefilledupbypigheadedpeopleonlybecausetheyhappentohavethehabitoforderingpoorpeopleabout Iwasflatteredbyyourinvitationtocometothisparty Hethoughthislandladywasameanfossil Hurray Endofmysinglelife Notanoldandbad temperedspinsteranymore By appropriate wemeantheproperstyleofEnglishandtheavoidanceofChinglish Studentsmustbeawarefromtheverybeginningthatthereexistvariousstylesinwords someareformalorgeneral whileothersarecolloquialorslang Knowingthesestylesisthefirststepinthepracticeofusingtheminwriting Thechoiceofstyleisdecidedbygenre kind style aswellastheaudience Studentsshouldbeabletodecideonthestyleoftheirwritingaccordingtothesetwofactors ThoughChinglishusagesmaynotbetotallyeliminatedatthisstage studentsmustbealertedagainstthemintheirwriting Twoapproachesmaybehelpful oneistoavoidliteraltranslation theotheristopayattentiontotheconnotationofanEnglishword Inthisunit studentsarealsoremindedofonedistinctivefeatureofChinglishintheunit sothebestadviceisforstudentstofamiliarizethemselveswithEnglishandtoformthehabitofcomparingandcontrastingthetwolanguages 不正式 informal 正式 formal sotherefore consequently accordinglybuthoweververyextremelydeepprofoundluckyfortunateenoughsufficientendterminateraiseelevatesameidenticallearnederudite Phrasalverbsarecolloquialandoftenusedinconversationalstyle Gooncontinuelookintoinvestigate Slangwordsandexpressionsareoftentoocasualandinformaltobeusedinformalwriting SlangcommonMightyvery extremelyNeat coolfine pleasantInhotwaterintroubleMakeahitsucceedindoingsth 精炼性原则 a You dbetterthinkitoverandconsideritcarefully b You dbetterthinkitover You dbetterconsideritcarefully a Inmyopinion Iamafraidsheishappierthanyouare b Inmyopinion sheishappierthanyouare Iamafraidsheishappierthanyouare a AsImissedthelastbus Ihadtowalkbackhomeonfoot b AsImissedthelastbus Ihadtowalkbackhome AsImissedthelastbus Ihadtoreturnhomeonfoot Avoidrepetitionofmeaning RepetitionofmeaningisacommonfeatureintheChineselanguagebutisimproperinEnglishexceptwhendesignedforspecialpurposes suchasinpoetry Withoutknowingthis studentstendtocreatelengthyandwordysentenceswhichare innativespeakers eyes redundant RewritethefollowingparagraphinmoreformalEnglish Manyofourbeststudentsaregoingabroadnowadaystostudy Whydotheygo Wehaveverygooduniversitiesandcollegesinourowncountry Ourteachersknowourlocalsituation andsowhattheyteachisrelevanttolocalproblems Improved Nowadaysasignificantnumberofthiscountry sbeststudentstravelabroadtostudy althoughperfectlyadequatelocalinstitutionsofhighereducationexisthere Furthermore localfacultyarefamiliarwithconditionsinthiscountrysothattheirinstructiondirectlyrelatestothelocalsituation 4 Chinglish Literaltranslationiscommonamongforeignlanguagelearners especiallybeginners Studentsmustbewareofitharmandlearntofollowthethinkingpatternofnativespeakers Theyshouldnotonlyknowthedenotativemeaningbutalsotheconnotativemeaningofawordsoastoavoidmisunderstanding avoidliteraltranslationgrasptheconnotation ClassroomActivities A translate 1 你花了多少时间写那篇文章 Howmuchtimedoesittakeyoutowritethatarticle 2 我的英语水平很差 所以我得努力学习它 MyEnglishisverypoor soIwillworkhardatit 3 坐公共汽车去那儿至少要花两个小时 Itwilltakeatleasttwohourstogotherebybus 4 Icannotjustifykeepingthisjobanymore 5 That sadecisionyou llhavetomakeforyourself 6 Iknowyou vebeenwiththecompanyforfiveyears Butraisesherearebasedonmerit notonlengthofemployment 7 读书可以获得知识throughreading onecan readingbookscanacquireknowledge 8 所有这些都得感谢我们的政府weshouldthankourgovernmentforallofthis allofthisshouldthankourgovernment B correctthefollowingsentences 1 Hisbodyisveryhealthy 2 wearedifficulttofinishallthistonight 3 hissickconditionismuchbetter Heisnolongerdangerous 3 wemustspendbitterworktomasterknowledge 4 heonlysaidafewsentences Hemadeusverydisappointed 5 recentlyshedoesn tstudysell Alldayshetalkslove 6 let sgoandeatoutmeals they rereadingbooks he sgoingtosingsongsattheconcert 7 wedancedsomedanceslastnight haveyoupaidthemoney 8 Istayedathomefromworkyesterday BecauseIwassick 9 hespokeforcefully Toconvincetheaudiencethathewasacapableandpowerfulperson 10 helikeseatingfruits Suchasapplesandbananas 11 manypeoplewhogetmarriedbeforetheyarematureenough 12 therealotofstudentsliketoreadaloudinthemorning 13 hissuccesswasduettohehadbeenworkinghard 14 becomeabiologistisn taneasythingforme 15 lookingdownfromtheTVtower thepeopleonthegroundseemedliketiny slow movingants 16 whilestudyingeconomics mymindoftenwanders 17 reachingthetopofthehill thebeautifulviewappearedbeforeus 18 whilewatchingthefootballgame mark sbikewasstolen 19 Havingmadefullpreparation thetestwaseasy Rewrite Ihaven treceivedyourletterforalongtime Howareyourcondition Isyourworkbusy Pleasereplymeearly Herelifeisverynervousbecausewehavetodomanythings Theteachersgiveustoomanyexercises sowecan treadwhenclassisover Wehavenomethod Improved Howarethingsgettingonthesedays Areyoubusyatwork Hopetoherefromyousoon herewearereallyhard pressed Ourteachersarealwaysassigningussomuchhomeworkthatwehardlyhaveanytimeforoutsidereading Wehavenowayout Back WritinggoodsentencesThesentencebase whichislikethetrunkofatree consistsofatleastonesubjectandoneverb Thechoiceofthesubjectiscrucialinsentencewriting Whatisagoodsubjectthen Itdependsonanumberoffactors butatleastagoodsubjectisusuallyaconcreteorpersonalnouninsteadofanabstractword becauseaconcreteorpersonalnouncanraisethereader sinterestinwhathe sheisgoingtoread Oncethesubjectischosen thenextstepistodecidethevoice Whenshouldweusethepassiveoractivevoice Whataretheirdistinctivefeatures Studentshavetoanswerthesequestionsbeforeusingvoicesappropriatelyandeffectively Generallyspeaking theactivevoiceismorevigorousandlaysmoreemphasisonthepredicatewhilethepassivevoiceis asitsnamesuggests passive andemphasizestheagent thoughsometimesomittingit Theselectionofvoicesshouldalsobedecidedbythecontext Eg 1 Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter 并列分句 1 2 2 Grazingpeacefully thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter 现在分语短语 简单句 3 Inthefarm thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter 副词短语 并列分句 1 2 4 Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm unawareoftheapproachinghunter 简单句 形容语短语 5 Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter 原因副词从句 主句 Exercises Combinethefollowingtwosentences 6 Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining 7 Hefeltveryuneasy a Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy b Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining c Theyoungpilot sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy d Extremeuneasinessseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining e Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining feelingveryuneasy f Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy g Beingonhisfirstoverseastraining theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy h Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy i Theyoungpilot whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining feltveryuneasy j Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis firstoverseastraining hefeltveryuneasy k Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining hefeltveryuneasy l Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining sothathefeltveryuneasy 在上述12个句子中 a g 是简单句 h 是并列句 i l 是复杂句 简单句除 b 和 g 之外 其他五样 用的人并不多 人们最喜欢采用复杂句 尤其是 j 和 k 这两款 接着便是并列句 h 增强英语语句表现力的有效方法 一 避免使用语意弱的 be 动词 1 把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语 例如 Weak Thetreesarebare Thegrassisbrown Thelandscapeseemsdrab Revision Thebrowngrassandbaretreesformadrablandscape 转换为前置定语 Or Thelandscape bare