American Enlightenment__ Literature(美国文学).ppt

RevolutionaryPeriod 1775 1783 TheAgeofReason AmericanEnlightenment Inthe18thcentury peoplebelievedinman sownnatureandthepowerofhumanreason WithFranklinasitsspokesman the18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofreason Wordshadneverbeensousefulandsoimportantinhumanhistory Peoplewrotealotofpoliticalwritings Numerouspamphletsandprintingswerepublished TheseworksagitatedrevolutionarypeoplenotonlyinAmericabutalsoaroundtheworld The18th centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy Enlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice liberty andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman Thecolonistswhowouldformanewnationwerefirmbelieversinthepowerofreason theywereambitious inquisitive optimistic practical politicallyastute andself reliant Leadingwritersandtheirworks ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 TheDeclarationofIndependence 1776 ThomasPaine 1737 1809 CommonSense 1776 BenjaminFranklin AutobiographyPhilipFreneau TheWildHoneySuckle 1 BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 自传 格言历书 2 Life BenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground Hewasbornintoapoorcandle maker sfamily Hehadverylittleeducation Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears buthewasavoraciousreader At12 hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf brother aprinter 1 Works TheAutobiographyPoorRichard sAlmanack At16 hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym SilenceDogood At17 heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher In1727hefoundedtheJuntoclub Franklin sContributionstoSocietyHehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety Franklin sContributionstoScience Hewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments effectivestreetlighting theFranklinstove bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices Andforhislightning rod hewascalled thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven Franklin sContributionstotheU S HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates TheDeclarationofIndependence TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland TheConstitution TheAutobiographyisarecordofself examinationandself improvement BenjaminFranklinwasaspokesmanfortheneworderofthe18thcenturyenlightenmentTheAutobiographyisahow to do itbook abookontheartofself improvement forexample Franklin s13virtues Throughtellingasuccessstoryofself reliance thebookcelebrates infact thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream TheAutobiographyisinthepatternofPuritansimplicity directness andconcision 3 Evaluation 2 PhilipFreneau 1752 1832 PoetoftheAmericanRevolution FatherofAmericanPoetry PioneeroftheNewRomanticism Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet 美洲光辉的兴起 夜之屋 英国囚船 1 Works TheRisingGloryofAmerica 1772 TheHouseofNight 1779 1786 TheBritishPrisonShip 1781 TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans 1781 TheWildHoneySuckle 1786 TheIndianBuryingGround 1788 TheDyingIndian TomoChequi 纪念美国勇士 野金银花 印第安人墓地 奄奄一息的印第安人 托姆 察吉 Thewildhoneysuckle 2 Life HewasborninNewYork At16 heenteredtheCollegeofNewJersey nowPrincetonUniversity Whilestillanundergraduate hewroteincollaborationwithoneofhisfriends H H Brackenridge apoementitled TheRisingGloryofAmerica Itpronouncedthevirtuesofanewnationprogressingtowardsitsfreedom Americawouldbealandblessedwith sweetliberty Withoutwhoseaidthenoblesgeniusfails Andscienceirretrievablemustdie In1771hedecideddoapostgraduatestudyintheology Buttwoyearslaterhegaveitup LaterheattendedtheWarofIndependence andhewascapturedbyBritisharmyin1780 Afterbeingreleased hepublished TheBritishPrisonShip in1781 Inthesameyear hepublished TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans Afterwar hesupportedJefferson andcontributedgreatlytoAmericangovernment Butafter50yearsold helivedinpoverty Andatlasthediedinablizzard 3 Evaluation Hewasthemostsignificantpoetof18thcenturyAmerica Someofhisthemesandimagesanticipatedtheworksofsuch19thcenturyAmericanRomanticwritersasCooper Emerson PoeandMelville 4 AspectsofFreneau PoetofAmericanIndependence Freneauprovidesincentiveandinspirationtotherevolutionbywritingsuchpoemsas TheRisingGloryofAmerica and PicturesofColumbus Journalist FreneauwaseditorandcontributorofTheFreeman sJournal Philadelphia from1781 1784 Inhiswritings headvocatedtheessenceofwhatisknownasJeffersoniandemocracy decentralizationofgovernment equalityforthemasses etc Freneau sReligion Freneauisdescribedasadeist abelieverinnatureandhumanitybutnotapantheist Indeism religionbecomesanattitudeofintellectualbelief notamatterofemotionalofspiritualecstasy Freneaushowsinterestandsympathyforthehumbleandtheoppressed FreneauasFatherofAmericanPoetry Hismajorthemesaredeath nature transition andthehumaninnature Allofthesethemesbecomeimportantin19thcenturywriting Hisfamouspoemsare TheWildHoney Suckle 1786 TheIndianBuryingGround 1787 TheDyingIndian TomoChequi 1784 TheMillennium 1797 OnaHoneyBee 1809 ToaCaty Did 1815 OntheUniversalityandOtherAttributesoftheGodofNature OntheUniformityandPerfectionofNature and OntheReligionofNature thelastthreewrittenin1815 PoemAppreciation TheWildHoneysuckleThefollowingpoemwaspublishedinhisPoems 1786 andwasvirtuallyunreadinthetimewhenhewasliving Inthepoemthepoetexpresseshiskeenawarenessofthelivelinessandtransienceofnaturecelebratingthebeautyofthefrailforestflower thusshowinghisdeeplovefornature Thepoemwaswritteninsix lineiambictetrameterstanzasrhymedonababccpattern Thepoemissaidtoanticipatethenineteenth centuryromanticuseofsimplenatureimagery Itisconsideredoneoftheauthor sfinestnaturepoems Fairflower thatdostsocomelygrow Hidinthissilent dullretreat Untouch dthyhoney dblossomsblow Unseenthylittlebranchesgreet Norovingfootshallcrushtheehere Nobusyhandprovokeatear ByNature sselfinwhitearray d Shebadetheeshunthevulgareye Andplantedheretheguardianshade Andsentsoftwatersmurmuringby Thusquietlythysummergoes Thydaysdecliningtorepose Smitwiththosecharms thatmustdecay Igrievetoseeyourfuturedoom Theydied norwerethoseflowersmoregay TheflowersthatdidinEdenbloom Unpityingfrosts andAutumn spowerShallleavenovestigeofthisflower FrommorningsunsandeveningdewsAtfirstthylittlebeingcame Ifnothingonce younothinglose Forwhenyoudieyouarethesame Thespacebetween isbutanhour Thefraildurationofaflower TheIndianBuryingGround Thepoemwaspublishedinthepoet sMiscellaneousWorksin1788 Like TheWildHoneySuckle itanticipatedromanticprimitivismandthecelebrationofthe noblesavage ThepoemportrayssympatheticallythespiritofthenomadicIndianhunters whoweretraditionallyburiedinasittingpositionandwithimagesoftheobjectstheyknewinlife ItisbelievedtobetheearliesttoromanticizetheIndianasachildofnature Thepoemwaswritteninteniambictetrameterquatrainswiththerhymeschemeof abab Inspiteofallthelearnedhavesaid Istillmyoldopinionkeep Theposture thatwegivethedead Pointsoutthesoul seternalsleep Notsotheancientsoftheselands TheIndian whenfromlifereleased Againisseatedwithhisfriends Andsharesagainthejoyousfeast Hisimagedbirds andpaintedbowl Andvenison forajourneydressed Bespeakthenatureofthesoul Activity thatknowsnorest Hisbow foractionr