英语语法句型转换大全.doc

英语语法大全句子的转换与合并简单句simple sentence 之间的转换句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。A主动语态 与被动语态之间的转换一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构He has finished his university studiesThey put him to deathAn Englishman teaches him English B肯定句与否定句之间的转换一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：I am doubtful of his honestyFew understand itHe is sometimes sillyIt is tidyHe always objectedHe failed to comeShe told the story with tearsOnly he knows itHe lacks courage He is very tiredHe will always remember your kindnessC反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换反问型问句（Rhetorical Questions）可以转变为陈述句：Is that the way to treat your wife？That is not the way to treat your wifeCan I say anything？I cannot say anythingWhere can you ever see a ghost？You can never see a ghost anywhereWho cares about you？ Nobody cares about you Why should I apologize？I should not apologizeD不同词类之间的转换几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：1动词与名词间的转换：Our enemy is strengthen ingThey agreed not to criticize each other It smells goodJohn disgraces our family2动词与形容词之间的转换：He neglects my advice He fears nothingThis letter expresses his gratitudeThey widened and lengthened the street3动词与副词间的转换：He succeeded in advising MaryThey enjoyed celebrating the festivalThis story surpasses others in beauty 4名词与形容词间的转换：He is a man of wealthHe is a husband with no heart，she is a wife with a long tongue“Here lies the only wile of John Lee”This policy is of great importance There was once a monster with three heads5名词与副词间的转换：Please handle it with careIn all probability，it will rain this eveningOur troops entered the city in triumph 6形容词与副词间的转换：After a careful analysis，the food proves poisonous He hates hard work7介词与连词间的转换：I like him for his unselfishnessI like him because he is unselfishI will wait until his returnI will wait until he returns简单句与复合句之间的转换1782 一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：Sitting down，he read the letter The guest leaving，I went to bed Being tired of life，he refuses to see any friends or relativesHe ran away to avoid punishment He has to work hard to maintain his big familyOut of a desire to please her mother，he sent her things from time to timeBesides selling rice，he teaches arithmetic in the eveningWith all his efforts，he failedBy his good manners，he wins her heartThe boy is rewarded for his bravery简单句与复杂句之间的转换一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：A名词从句I cannot tell the time of his arrivalI believe your statementI insisted on his studying artI was informed of his behaviour I wish you to be always happyI think it fit for you to take over the businessI learn of his success His arrival is a great eventHow to get rid of poverty is a big problem B定语从句He is a selfmade man It has become an independent countryI want to live and die in my native villageShe wears a seablue skirtWe need an atomsmashing machineI have nothing to sayThe evil done lives after the doers C状语从句The children quarrelled over the property on the death of their fatherAfter 20 years of service，he retiredHe died in his native placeHe stayed at home because of illnessIn spite of my advice，he persisted in going out with her You may drink to your hearts contentWithout any water，this plant cannot liveHe is too tired to work any more I will inform the police to punish him大部分短语不仅可以变为并列的分句，也可以变为状语从句。复杂句与复合句之间的转换1784 He gained a lot of money in gambling and he wished to gamble again He may be interested in art and in that case he should go to some fine arts schoolRecede one step and they will proceed three He is poor，but he is proudHe has failed，yet he has done his best We must keep silent or father will get angryHe must live a regular life，otherwise he will fall ill He is a very good teacher，so the students like himThey have said all they wish to say，therefore they understand each other thoroughly直接引语direct speech 和间接引语indirect speech之间的转换说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用他的原话，就称作直接引语。因此He said，“I am very ill”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间接引语。因此He said that he was very ill为间接引语。Said这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，可称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。A大写与标点直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号，但在间接引语中却不加这些。间接引语必须由that，whether（if）或疑问词（who，why，when等）开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句则需变为自然语序：I say，“He will come”I say：“When will he come？”B引话动词与第二动词引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con- firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh， sneer等等。若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词照旧不变。但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词，就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。I say（or will say）to him，“John arrives（or will arrive，arrived）on Sunday”I say（or will say）to him that John arrives（or will arrive，arrived）on SundayI said to him，“John arrives（or will arrive，arrived）on Sunday I said to him that John arrived（or would arrive，had arrived） on SundayC引话动词与连词1如果间接引语为陈述句，它前面通常都有：say that，know that，tell him that，state that，2如果它是问句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（or if），inquire（of him） whether，demand（of him）whether，wonder whether，want to know whether；或ask（him）W（即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（of him）W，3如果它是感叹句，它前面通常有：exclaim that，cry out with joy that，4如果间接引语为祈使句，它前面通常有：demand that， ask that，request that，advise that，order that，且里面包含助动词should此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词：1I said，“You are a nice boy” I thought，“You will fail again”2I said，“Are you a nice boy？” I thought to myself，“Will he fail again？” I enquired of him，“Who knows it？”3I said，“What a nice boy you are！” I said，“Hurrah！We have won the battle” He said，“Curse it！You are a fool”He said，“Bravo！You have done something wonderful”4I said to him，“Be a nice boy”I said to him，“See me at the station”D代词此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，将变为与第一主语一致的代词。I said，“I can do it”I said that I could do itHe said，“I must go”You said，“I know”We said，“We can do it”They said，“We must go”I said“We can do it”（We中包括I）如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称：I told him，“You are right”I told you，“You are right”He told me，“You are right”He told us，“You are right”We told them，“You are right”To somebody也可看作是宾语：He said to me（=told me），“You are right”He explained to them，“You have gone the wrong way”引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来：They asked me when I would get marriedI said，“You will learn it very soon”I said that they would learn it very soon如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，在间接引语中，它可以保持不变：I told you，“He is crazy”He told me，“She is crazy”We told him，“They are crazy”He told me，“He is crazy”（这两个he代表两个不同的人）还需指出，上述代词，在直接或间接引语中，可以为任何“格”，而不仅仅是主格：He told me，“I will ask my brother to take me to the pictures”He declared “We must urge them to return our territory to us！”E时间副词（短语）间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同：He said，“Mary is very busy now”He said，“Mary came yesterday” （or the previous day）He said，“Mary came five days ago” （or five days earlier）He said，“Mary will come tomorrow” （or the next day）He said，“Mary will come in five days！” （or later）F第一主语及引话动词的位置在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面：Said Stevens，“”Comments DrLee，“”Boasted Asia Bank president John Bush，“”第一主语及引话动词，除了放在直接引语前面外，还可放在其他位置：He said，“Oh！ I have done my best”“Oh！”he said，“I have done my best”（但不说said he）“Oh！I have done my best，”he said（但不说said he）“Oh！I have done my best”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出。）在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号：He said，“Oh，I have done my best；I have made every effortBut all in vain”“Oh，”he said，“I have done my best；I have made every effortBut all in vain”“Oh，I have done my best，”he said；“I have made every effort，But all in vain”如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面，如果主语及引话动词在直接引语后面，长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面：After a short space of silence he said，“Ill consider this problem”“Ill consider this problem，”he said after a short space of silence如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，只能放在动词后面）：“I think so，”he said（or Leo said，said Leo）（很少说said he）“Everything is OK！”she says（or Amy says，says Amy）（很少说 says she）简单句的合并1786 两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人很有好处。两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句：He saw JohnHe greeted himI called on MaryMary was illHe has not a single pennyHe has to begHe will be starved两个或更多简单句，可以加上从属连词，把一个或更多句子变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为