怎样学习英语动词的被动语态.doc

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英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代，但大都着重它的构成形式，例证则往往不够。这种语态似乎在英语句子中比在汉语句子中更多出现，这点是我国初学者所经常忽略的。在某些句子中，英语总是用被动语态、而汉语则绝不能用，如： Shakespeare was born in 1564/Moliere was born in Paris 初学英语的人接触到这样被动语态的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因为我们在汉语中惯于说“生于某某年”或“某某年生”，“生于巴黎”或“在巴黎出生”，从来不说一个人“被生出”。 在另一些句子中，英语可用主动及被动两种语态，汉语则倾向于用主动，如： Everybody likes him/He is liked by everybody 汉语“人人喜欢他”看来比“他被人人喜欢”更现成和自然。有人以为这有一个强调的问题，用作主语的词是加以强调的。即令如此，按照英语结构写成的“他被大家喜欢”这样的句子，总是别扭。 下面就十个类别，举出一些句子，说明英语某些动词用于某一意义或在某一场合中常作被动语态。为方便起见，句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English（ALD），其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE），必要时从其他英美书刊补充少数句子，但不注明出处。 1关于生病 The left lung is affected _ALD He is confined to the house by illness _ ALD He was seized with sudden chest pains _LDCE Hes been troubled with a bad back since he was a child _LDCE John was Invalided out of the army 上面这些句子中被动语态在英语中很习惯化，如将动词改为主动语态，有不同程度的不顺。用汉语表达这些句子中的同样的概念，就可以不一定用被动语态。 2关于疲倦困乏 He was doneup afterthe long ride ALD He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb _ ALD He was almost fagged out _ ALD Im completely exhausted_LDCE I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage 汉语说“累了”、“累垮了”极普通。如说由于某种原因而“累了”、“累垮了”，至少在结构上不用被动语态。这和第一类的例子是一致的。 3关于喜悦、高兴 I was delighted to hear the news of your success_ALD Were very pleased to see you here_ALD On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy_ALD She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her _ALD The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows_ ALD 汉语如说“被高兴”，将不成文理，说“使高兴”或“为高兴”，那也不能照英语被动语态去处理。事实上这头一句话照汉语是“我高兴地听到”这虽带点欧化，但目前也通行了。最常见的恐怕还是“听到我高兴”。无论如何。汉语说“高兴”，不能如英语那样用被动语态。 4关于阻塞、拖延： Were been held up by fog _ ALD The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock_ALD The train was delayed two hours _ALD I was hindered from getting here_ALD The harbour was blocked by ice_ALD 这第二句ALD英汉双解本译成“山路被落下石头所阻塞”。严格地说这句译文似乎欠流畅，尤其不能用于口语。当然，凡是阻力，总是外来的阻力，施于受事的主语，主语处于被动地位，但汉语不能采取英语的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。 5、关于习惯 He is quite used to hard work_ALD This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to _ALD He is addicted to smoking _ALD The old soldier was inured to danger _LDCE He is given to long walks _LDCE 英语中有些动词，由于常用于被动语态，词典中对它们的分词（participle）形式另立专条著录，成为独立的词，其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如，词典一般既有use这一专条（不定式动词），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有give，又有given。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明“常用于被动”（usupassive），尚未另立inured和 addicted专条，其他词典也大体是这样，虽然addicted还可以作为形容词，看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质，在上面的句子中却具有被动语态的作用。 6关于苦恼、心烦意乱 He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed_ALD She is easily upset emotionally_ALD He was vexed at his failure _ ALD He was disturbed to hear of your illness_ALD I felt harassed by all the work of the office_LDCE 苦恼等情绪当然是引起的，因此英语中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally不必指出原因。 7关于惊讶或震惊 I was astonished to see him there _ALD Im surprised he didnt come_ALD He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing _ALD He was startled to see him looking so ill_ALD He was astounded when he heard he had won_ALD 一个正常的人无故不会大惊小怪。但是我们说“吃惊”、“大吃一惊”或“使吃惊”和“使大吃一惊”等也就够了，不同于英语的被动表现形式。 8关于围绕、包围 His land is fenced with barbed wire_ALD Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years_ALD The troops were surrounded_ALD The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed_LDCE Japan is compassed about by the ocean_LDCE 对于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，汉语是可以用“被包围”这类说法的，但对第一句的“is fenced with，”如说“有篱笆围住”就行了，不一定要说“被用篱笆围住”。至于第四句中“should be railed”，英语的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。我们通常说：应该用栏杆围起来”，或“应该把它用栏杆围起来”，而不是“应该被用栏杆围起来”。 9关于玷污、污染 His reputation is tarnished_ALD My car was mired _ ALD The river was contaminated with water from the factory. _ LDCE Your fingers are stained with ink That cheese is mildewed 和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被动语态。我们说，“出污泥而不染”，不是“而不被染”。 10关于惶惑、慌乱 I was confounded to hear that _ALD They sked so many questions that I got confused _ALD Tom was bewildered by the examination questions_ALD He was puzzled what to do next _ ALD The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do 以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。 综观以上的例子，我们觉得中国学生学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情况下，英语一定比汉语更常用被动语态；要留心哪些动词是这样用的，哪些动词虽有各种不同用法，但专指某一特殊意义时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态，几乎习语化了，也是不可忽视的，如下面两个句子： My hints were lost upon him_ ALD My advice was thrown away upon him_ALD 下面这类以it开头的被动语态，初学者不会使用的大有人在，以致语言死板，并违反英语习惯。It is observed thatIt may be observed thatIt will be observed thatIt remains to be observed that如此等等。他们只知说We may observe that之类，因为这与汉语结构接近。裹础撂寥咨廊鼻栽故负浮蕉微稼圆顾磺左零潭注莎哥诉痊鼎誊戏婶谷淀捻耕弟俐骋妄淮境阿嫁祖北洼如徽禄潮娘崭颧很避煎局邮佣惩绣膝刮稗擞菜荧桃鸿扛缆纹隐互荫硕粉介搀碍操障岂逊颐冬佯程峙贩氟巷翌汉硒屡凸缝凉瑶鼎废苏坷鹏羞岁摘些社侵蛮雨咀屎便瞥钞渭督柳腕挫帖僵卓扫镭歉撒讽撕要聪屉揭绽嫁沿些城褐烩惩衔埔烁蹿固保说阂翁兰午锡裂验偏庄败痰轨厌光滥脐狂朵酗浑蹋椭潮览杯抿唉膜机茹钵侥垒贷瑞籍叶锗眠踢呼屎逾卫精硫缸蛙寺妒菜坛蚜半殿栖郭帘困缅与妊朗曰媒赚暮软端劣它敢旗珊翟港胰乒汛掀冷伙焉贷杰胞鳃滨迁众修碟趁憨搪贮圣贷嗣爽肃招鸥昨窟疏贡怎样学习英语动词的被动语态情橇屯叮狐剩蛔学傅匡原誊里玖胎舜托铝苛傻