面向模式的软件体系结构——software architecture.ppt

SoftwareArchitecture FengZhiyongTianjinUniversityMar8 2007 CourseOverview Instructor ProfessorZhiyongFeng SchoolofComputerScienceandTechnologyMarkingScheme Quiz 30 Paper 40 Topic 30 Textbooks 面向模式的软件体系结构 卷1 卷2 卷3 机械工业出版社 MaryShawandDavidGarlan SoftwareArchitecture PerspectivesonanEmergingDiscipline PrenticeHall 1996 软件体系结构 一门初见端倪的新兴学科 清华大学出版社 ErichGamma RichardHelm RalphJohnsonandJohnVlissides DesignPatterns ElementsofReusableObject OrientedSoftware Addison Wesley 1995 设计模式 面向对象软件设计基础 机械工业出版社 BruceEckel ThinkinginJava PrenticeHall May2000 canbedownloadedfree Java编程思想 机械工业出版社 GradyBooch Object OrientedAnalysisandDesignwithApplications 2nded Addison Wesley 1994 CHAPTER1 Introduction ThecivilarchitectureSoftwarearchitectureArchitectureandUMLArchitectureandsoftwareengineeringprocessArchitecturedesignThefutureofarchitecture Architectingadoghouse CanbebuiltbyonepersonRequiresMinimalmodelingSimpleprocessSimpletools Architectingahouse BuiltmostefficientlyandtimelybyateamRequiresModelingWell definedprocessPowertools Architectingahighrise Earlyarchitecture Progress Limitedknowledgeoftheory Modernarchitecture Progress Advancesinmaterials Advancesinanalysis Scale 5timesthespanofthePantheon 3timestheheightofCheops Modelingahouse Movementsincivilarchitecture Bronzeage Egyptian Imhotep Grecian Roman Vitruvius Byzantine RomanesqueGothicMannerism Michelangelo Palladio BaroqueEngineering Rational National RomanticArtnoveauModernmovement Wright LeCorbusier Progress Imitationofpreviousefforts Learningfromfailure Integrationofotherforces Experimentation Kindsofcivilarchitecture Communityhouses flatsandapartments gardens education hospitals religionCommerceshopsandstores restaurants hotels officebuildings banks airportsIndustryindustrialbuildings laboratories farmbuildingsLeisuresport theatersandcinemas museums NeufertArchitect sDataTheHandbookofBuildingTypes Forcesincivilarchitecture Avoidingfailure Safetyfactors Redundancy Equilibrium Kindsofloads Deadloads Liveloads Dynamicloads Anytimeyoudepartfromestablishedpractice maketentimestheeffort tentimestheinvestigation Especiallyonaverylargeproject LeMessuier Dimensionsofsoftwarecomplexity WalkerRoyce ForcesinSoftware Thedomainofarchitecting The what The why ArchitectureQualities Process ArchitectureRepresentation The how The who SystemFeatures Architecture Requirements SystemQualityAttributes Satisfies Constrain Organization Architect Skills Stakeholders Definesrole Produces Follows Defines Technology WojtekKozaczynski Weallknowthat ArchitectureanddesignarethesamethingArchitectureandinfrastructurearethesamethingisthearchitectureAgoodarchitectureistheworkofasinglearchitectArchitectureisflat oneblueprintisenoughArchitectureisjuststructureSystemarchitectureprecedessoftwarearchitectureArchitecturecannotbemeasuredandvalidatedArchitectureisaScienceArchitectureisanArt PhilippeKruchten Architecturedefined again Architecturen 1555 1 theartofscienceofbuilding specifically theartorpracticeofdesigningandbuildingstructuresandesp habitableones2a formationorconstructionasorasifastheresultofconsciousactb aunifyingorcoherentformorstructure MerriamWebster sCollegiateDictionary10thedition Architecturedefined yetagain Softwarearchitectureencompassesthesetofsignificantdecisionsabouttheorganizationofasoftwaresystemselectionofthestructuralelementsandtheirinterfacesbywhichasystemiscomposedbehaviorasspecifiedincollaborationsamongthoseelementscompositionofthesestructuralandbehavioralelementsintolargersubsystemarchitecturalstylethatguidesthisorganization MaryShaw CMUGradyBooch PhilippeKruchten RichReitmanKurtBittner Rational Architecturedefined continued Softwarearchitecturealsoinvolvesusagefunctionalityperformanceresiliencereusecomprehensibilityeconomicandtechnologyconstraintsandtradeoffsaestheticconcerns MaryShaw CMUGradyBooch PhilippeKruchten RichReitmanKurtBittner Rational Architecturemetamodel Models Modelsarethelanguageofdesigner inmanydisciplinesModelsarerepresentationsofthesystemto be builtoras builtModelsarevehicleforcommunicationswithvariousstakeholdersVisualmodels blueprintsScaleModelsallowreasoningaboutsomecharacteristicoftherealsystem Manystakeholders manyviews Architectureismanythingstomanydifferentinterestedpartiesend usercustomerprojectmanagersystemengineerdeveloperarchitectmaintainerotherdevelopersMultidimensionalrealityMultiplestakeholdersmultipleviews multipleblueprints Architecturalview Anarchitecturalviewisasimplifieddescription anabstraction ofasystemfromaparticularperspectiveorvantagepoint coveringparticularconcerns andomittingentitiesthatarenotrelevanttothisperspective Architecturallysignificantelements NotalldesignisarchitectureMain business classesImportantmechanismsProcessorsandprocessesLayersandsubsystemsArchitecturalviews slicesthroughmodels CharacteristicsofaGoodArchitecture ResilientSimpleApproachableClearseparationofconcernsBalanceddistributionofresponsibilitiesBalanceseconomicandtechnologyconstraints RepresentingSystemArchitecture LogicalView ImplementationView ProgrammersSoftwaremanagement ProcessView DeploymentView SystemtopologyDelivery installationCommunication Systemengineering Conceptual Physical UseCaseView RelationBetweenViews Logicalview Componentview Processview Deploymentview Howmanyviews SimplifiedmodelstofitthecontextNotallsystemsrequireallviews Singleprocessor dropdeploymentviewSingleprocess dropprocessviewVerySmallprogram dropimplementationviewAddingviews Dataview securityview ArchitectureandtheUML Softwareengineeringprocess Asetofpartiallyorderedstepsintendedtoreachagoal Insoftwareengineeringthegoalistobuildasoftwareproductortoenhanceanexistingone ArchitecturalprocessSequenceofactivitiesthatleadtotheproductionofarchitecturalartifacts AsoftwarearchitecturedescriptionAnarchitecturalprototype RationalUnifiedProcess IterativeArchitecture centricUse casedrivenRiskconfronting Focusovertime Keyconcepts Phase IterationsProcessWorkflowsActivity stepsArtifactsmodelsreports documentsWorker Architect Whatdoeshappen Whatisproduced Whodoesit Whendoesarchitecturehappen LifecyclePhases InceptionDefinethescopeoftheprojectanddevelopbusinesscase ElaborationPlanproject specifyfeatures andbaselinethearchitecture ConstructionBuildtheproduct TransitionTransitiontheproducttoitsusers MajorMilestones Inception Elaboration Construction Transition PhasesandIterations Aniterationisasequenceofactivitieswithanestablishedplanandevaluationcriteria resultinginanexecutablerelease ArchIteration DevIteration DevIteration TransIteration PrelimIteration Inception Elaboration Construction Transition Architecture Centric Modelsarevehiclesforvisualizing specifying constructing anddocumentingarchitectureTheUnifiedProcessprescribesthesuccessiverefinementofanexecutablearchitecture UnifiedProcessstructure ArchitectureandIterations UsecaseModel DesignModel DeploymentModel TestModel ImplementationModel Content Architecturaldesign Identify select andvalidate architecturallysignificant elementsNoteverythingisarchitectureMain business classesImportantmechanismsProcessorsandprocessesLayersandsubsystemsInterfacesProduceaSoftwareArchitectureDocument Architecturaldesignworkflow Selectscenarios criticalityandriskIdentifymainclassesandtheirresponsibilityDistributebehavioronclassesStructureinsubsystems layers defineinterfacesDefinedistributionandconcurrencyImplementarchitecturalprototypeDerivetestsfromusecasesEvaluatearchitectureIterate Usecaseview Logicalview Deploymentview Implementationview Processview Sourcesofarchitecture FromProgrammingLanguagestoSoftwareArchitecture High levelProgrammingLanguagesDatatype modules datastructuresAbstractDataTypesthesoftwarestructure whichincludedarepresentationpackagedwithitsprimitiveoperators specifications mathematicallyexpressedasabstractmodelsoralgebraicaxioms languageissues modules scope user definedtypes integrityoftheresult invariantsofdatastructuresandprotectionfromothermanipulation rulesforcombiningtypes declarations informationhiding protectionofpropertiesnotexplicitlyincludedinspecifications SoftwareArchitectureArchitecturestyleDesignpatterns Architecturalstyle Anarchitecturestyledefinesafamilyofsystemsintermsofapatternofstructuralorganization Anarchitecturalstyledefinesavocabularyofcomponentsandconnectortypesasetofconstraintsonhowtheycanbecombinedoneormoresemanticmodelsthatspecifyhowasystem soverallpropertiescanbedeterminedfromthepropertiesofitsparts MaryShaw CMU Architecturalstyle cont Whatisthestructuralpattern thecomponents connectors andconstraints Whatistheunderlyingcomputationalmodel Whataretheessentialinvariantsofthestyle Whataresomecommonexamplesofitsuse Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingthatstyle Whataresomeofthecommonspecializations MaryShaw CMU Patterns ApatternisasolutiontoaprobleminacontextApatterncodifiesspecificknowledgecollectedfromexperienceinadomainAllwell structuredsystemsarefullofpatternsIdiomsDesignpatternsArchitecturalpatterns Designpatterns GoF CreationalpatternsAbstractfactoryPrototypeStructuralpatternsAdapterBridgeProxyBehavioralpatternsChainofresponsibilityMediatorVisitorMechanismsarethesoulofanarchitecture DesignPatternsGammaetal Architecturalpatterns Distributed LayeredEvent driven MVCFrame based IR centricBatch SubsumptionPipesandfilters DisposableRepository centricBlackboardInterpreterRule based SoftwareArchitectureShawandGarlanBuschmannetalASystemofPatternsBuschmanetalBooch Complexbusinesssystem Real LifeObject orientedSystemsSorenLauesen Logicalapplicationarchitecture Physicalapplicationarchitecture RelationalDatabaseServer s ComplexInternetsystem TheSecondWavePaulDreyfus Netscape SOAandWebService Whoarethearchitects ExperiencesoftwaredevelopmentdomainPro active goalorientedLeadership authorityArchitectureteambalance Architect NotjustatopleveldesignerNeedtoensurefeasibilityNottheprojectmanagerBut joinedatthehip Notatec