DZ187CSY2000系列传感器与检测技术
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DZ187CSY2000系列传感器与检测技术,毕业设计
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智能仪器功能原理及其发展趋势 智能仪器的出现，极大地扩充了传统仪器的应用范围。智能仪器凭借其体积小、功能强、功耗低等优势，迅速地在家用电器、科研单位和工业企业中得到了广泛的应用。 1. 智能仪器的工作原理 传感器拾取被测参量的信息并转换成电信号，经滤波去除干扰后送入多路模拟开关；由单片机逐路选通模拟开关将各输入通道的信号逐一送入程控增益放大器，放大后的信号经 A D 转换器转换成相应的脉冲信号后送入单片机中；单片机根据仪器所设定的初值进行相应的数据运算和处理 (如非线性校正等 )；运算 的结果被转换为相应的数据进行显示和打印；同时单片机把运算结果与存储于片内 FlashROM(闪速存储器 )或 E 2PROM(电可擦除存贮器 )内的设定参数进行运算比较后，根据运算结果和控制要求，输出相应的控制信号 (如报警装置触发、继电器触点等 )。此外，智能仪器还可以与 PC 机组成分布式测控系统，由单片机作为下位机采集各种测量信号与数据，通过串行通信将信息传输给上位机 PC 机，由 PC 机进行全局管理。 2. 智能仪器的功能特点 随着微电子技术的不断发展，集成了 CPU、存储器、定时器 /计数器、并行和 串行接口、看门狗、前置放大器甚至 A D、 D A 转换器等电路在一块芯片上的超大规模集成电路芯片 (即单片机 )出现了。以单片机为主体，将计算机技术与测量控制技术结合在一起，又组成了所谓的“智能化测量控制系统”，也就是智能仪器。 与传统仪器仪表相比，智能仪器具有以下功能特点： 操作自动化。仪器的整个测量过程如键盘扫描、量程选择、开关启动闭合、数据的采集、传输与处理以及显示打印等都用单片机或微控制器来控制操作，实现测量过程的全部自动化。 具有自测功能，包括自动调零、自动故障与状态检验 、自动校准、自诊断及量程自动转换等。智能仪表能自动检测出故障的部位甚至故障的原因。这种自测试可以在仪器启动时运行，同时也可在仪器工作中运行，极大地方便了仪器的维护。 具有数据处理功能，这是智能仪器的主要优点之一。智能仪器由于采用了单片机或微控制器，使得许多原来用硬件逻辑难以解决或根本无法解决的问题，现在可以用软件非常灵活地加以解决。例如，传统的数字万用表只能测量电阻、交直流电压、电流等，而智能型的数字万用表不仅能进行上述测量，而且还具有对测量结果进行诸如零点平移、取平均值、求极值、统计分析等复杂的数 据处理功能，不仅使用户从繁重的数据处理中解放出来，也有效地提高了仪器的测量精度。 具有友好的人机对话能力。智能仪器使用键盘代替传统仪器中的切换开关，操作人员只需通过键盘输入命令，就能实现某种测量功能。与此同时，智能仪器还通过显示屏将仪器的运行情况、工作状态以及对测量数据的处理结果及时告诉操作人员，使仪器的操作更加方便直观。 具有可程控操作能力。一般智能仪器都配有 GPIB、 RS232C、 RS485 等标准的通信接口，可以很方便地与 PC 机和其他仪器一起组成用户所需要的多种功能的自动测量系统，来完成 更复杂的测试任务。 3. 智能仪器的发展概况 80 年代，微处理器被用到仪器中，仪器前面板开始朝键盘化方向发展，测量系nts统常通过 IEEE 488 总线连接。不同于传统独立仪器模式的个人仪器得到了发展等。 90 年代，仪器仪表的智能化突出表现在以下几个方面：微电子技术的进步更深刻地影响仪器仪表的设计； DSP 芯片的问世，使仪器仪表数字信号处理功能大大加强；微型机的发展，使仪器仪表具有更强的数据处理能力；图像处理功能的增加十分普遍；VXI 总线得到广泛的应用。 近年来，智能化测量控制仪表的发展尤 为迅速。国内市场上已经出现了多种多样智能化测量控制仪表，例如，能够自动进行差压补偿的智能节流式流量计，能够进行程序控温的智能多段温度控制仪，能够实现数字 PID 和各种复杂控制规律的智能式调节器，以及能够对各种谱图进行分析和数据处理的智能色谱仪等。 国际上智能测量仪表更是品种繁多，例如，美国 HONEYWELL 公司生产的DSTJ-3000 系列智能变送器，能进行差压值状态的复合测量，可对变送器本体的温度、静压等实现自动补偿，其精度可达到 0.1 FS；美国 RACA-DANA 公司的 9303 型超高电平表，利用微处 理器消除电流流经电阻所产生的热噪声，测量电平可低达 -77dB；美国 FLUKE 公司生产的超级多功能校准器 5520A，内部采用了 3 个微处理器，其短期稳定性达到 1ppm，线性度可达到 0.5ppm；美国 FOXBORO 公司生产的数字化自整定调节器，采用了专家系统技术，能够像有经验的控制工程师那样，根据现场参数迅速地整定调节器。这种调节器特别适合于对象变化频繁或非线性的控制系统。由于这种调节器能够自动整定调节参数，可使整个系统在生产过程中始终保持最佳品质。 4. 智能仪器发展趋势 4.1 微型化 微型智能仪器指微电子技术、微机械技术、信息技术等综合应用于仪器的生产中，从而使仪器成为体积小、功能齐全的智能仪器。它能够完成信号的采集、线性化处理、数字信号处理，控制信号的输出、放大、与其他仪器的接口、与人的交互等功能。微型智能仪器随着微电子机械技术的不断发展，其技术不断成熟，价格不断降低，因此其应用领域也将不断扩大。它不但具有传统仪器的功能，而且能在自动化技术、航天、军事、生物技术、医疗领域起到独特的作用。例如，目前要同时测量一个病人的几个不同的参量，并进行某些参量的控制，通常病人的体内要插进几个管子 ，这增加了病人感染的机会，微型智能仪器能同时测量多参数，而且体积小，可植入人体，使得这些问题得到解决。 4.2 多功能化 多功能本身就是智能仪器仪表的一个特点。例如，为了设计速度较快和结构较复杂的数字系统，仪器生产厂家制造了具有脉冲发生器、频率合成器和任意波形发生器等功能的函数发生器。这种多功能的综合型产品不但在性能上 (如准确度 )比专用脉冲发生器和频率合成器高，而且在各种测试功能上提供了较好的解决方案。 4.3 人工智能化 人工智能是计算机应用的一个崭新领域，利用计算机模拟 人的智能，用于机器人、医疗诊断、专家系统、推理证明等各方面。智能仪器的进一步发展将含有一定的人工智能，即代替人的一部分脑力劳动，从而在视觉 (图形及色彩辨读 )、听觉 (语音识别及语言领悟 )、思维 (推理、判断、学习与联想 )等方面具有一定的能力。这样，智能仪器可无需人的干预而自主地完成检测或控制功能。显然，人工智能在现代仪器仪表中的应用，使我们不仅可以解决用传统方法很难解决的一类问题，而且可望解决用传统方法根本不能解决的问题。 4.4 融合 ISP 和 EMIT 技术，实现仪器仪表系统的 Internet 接入 (网络 化 ) 伴随着网络技术的飞速发展， Internet 技术正在逐渐向工业控制和智能仪器仪nts表系统设计领域渗透，实现智能仪器仪表系统基于 Internet 的通讯能力以及对设计好的智能仪器仪表系统进行远程升级、功能重置和系统维护。 在系统编程技术 (In-System Programming，简称 ISP 技术 )是对软件进行修改、组态或重组的一种最新技术。它是 LATTICE 半导体公司首先提出的一种使我们在产品设计、制造过程中的每个环节，甚至在产品卖给最终用户以后，具有对其器件、电路板或整个电子系统的逻辑和功能随时进 行组态或重组能力的最新技术。 ISP 技术消除了传统技术的某些限制和连接弊病，有利于在板设计、制造与编程。 ISP 硬件灵活且易于软件修改，便于设计开发。由于 ISP 器件可以像任何其他器件一样，在印刷电路板 (PCB)上处理，因此编程 ISP 器件不需要专门编程器和较复杂的流程，只要通过 PC机，嵌入式系统处理器甚至 INTERNET 远程网进行编程。 EMIT 嵌入式微型因特网互联技术是 emWare 公司创立 ETI(eXtend the Internet)扩展 Internet联盟时提出的，它是一种将单片机等嵌入式设备接入 Internet的技术。利用该技术，能够将 8 位和 16 位单片机系统接入 Internet，实现基于 Internet 的远程数据采集、智能控制、上传下载数据文件等功能。 目前美国 ConnectOne 公司、 emWare 公司、 TASKING 公司和国内的 P S 公司等均提供基于 Internet 的 Device Networking 的软件、固件 (Firmware)和硬件产品。 4.5 虚拟仪器是智能仪器发展的新阶段 测量仪器的主要功能都是由数据采集、数据分析和数据显示等三大部分组成的。在虚拟现实系统中，数据 分析和显示完全用 PC 机的软件来完成。因此，只要额外提供一定的数据采集硬件，就可以与 PC 机组成测量仪器。这种基于 PC 机的测量仪器称为虚拟仪器。在虚拟仪器中，使用同一个硬件系统，只要应用不同的软件编程，就可得到功能完全不同的测量仪器。可见，软件系统是虚拟仪器的核心，“软件就是仪器”。 传统的智能仪器主要在仪器技术中用了某种计算机技术，而虚拟仪器则强调在通用的计算机技术中吸收仪器技术。作为虚拟仪器核心的软件系统具有通用性、通俗性、可视性、可扩展性和升级性，能为用户带来极大的利益，因此，具有传统的智能仪器所无 法比拟的应用前景和市场。 nts Intelligent instrument function principle and its development tendency The intelligent instrument appearance, enormously expanded the traditional instrument application scope. The intelligent instrument relies on its volume slightly, the function is strong, the power loss low status superiority, rapidly in the domestic electric appliances, the scientific research unit and the industrial enterprise obtained the widespread application. 1. Intelligent instrument principle of work The sensor collects was measured the parameter the information and transforms the electrical signal, removes the disturbance after the filter to send in the multichannel analog switch; The analog switch respectively will input the channel by the monolithic integrated circuit by Lu Xuantong the signal to send in the program control gain amplifier one by one, after the enlargement signal switch transforms the corresponding pulse signal after A/the D to send in the monolithic integrated circuit; The monolithic integrated circuit basis instrument establishes the starting value carries on the corresponding data operation and processing (for example gamma correction and so on); The operation result is transformed carries on for the corresponding data the demonstration and the printing; At the same time the monolithic integrated circuit (dodges fast memory) the operation result and the memory after internal FlashROM or E 2PROM (electricity may clean memory) in hypothesis parameter to carry on the operation comparison, according to operates the result and the control request, outputs the corresponding control signal (for example alarm device to trigger, relay electronic contact and so on). In addition, the intelligent instrument also may become the distributional observation and control system with the PC unit, by the monolithic integrated circuit took the lower position machine gathering each kind of survey signal and the data, give through the serial communication the intelligence transmission position machine - PC machine, carries on the overall situation management by PC machine. 2. Intelligent instrument function characteristic Along with the microelectronic technology unceasing development, integrated CPU, the memory, the timer/The counter, parallel and the serial interface, the watch-dog, pre-amplifier even A/D, D/electric circuit and so on A switch (namely monolithic integrated circuit) appeared on together the chip ultra large scale integrated circuit chip. Take the monolithic integrated circuit as the main body, computer technology and the survey control technology unifies in together, also has so-called composed so-called the intellectualization control system of survey, also is the ntsintelligent instrument. Compares with the traditional instrument measuring appliance below, the intelligent instrument has the function characteristic: (1) operation automation. The instrument entire survey process like keyboard scanning, the measuring range choice, the switch start closed, data gathering, the transmission and processing as well as the demonstration printing and so on all uses the monolithic integrated circuit or the micro controller control operation, the realization survey process automates completely. (2) has the self-test function, including automatic accent zero, automatic breakdown and condition examination, automatic calibration,from diagnosis and measuring range automaticswitching and so on. The intelligent measuring appliance can the automatic detection crash spot even breakdown reason. This kind from the test may starts when the instrument moves, at the same time also may move in the instrumentation, enormous place then instrument maintenance. (3) has the data processing function, this is one of intelligent instrument main merits. The intelligent instrument because has used the monolithic integrated circuit or the micro controller, causes many originally the question which solves with difficulty with the hardware logic or basic is unable to solve, now may use the software extremely nimbly to perform to solve. For example, the traditional digital multitester only can survey the resistance, the alternating and direct voltage, the electric current and so on, but the intelligence digital multitester not only can carry on the above survey, moreover also has to the measurement result carries on such as a zero translation, the averaging value, asks the extreme value, the statistical analysis and so on the complex data processing function, not only causes the user to liberate from the arduous data processing, also effectively increased the instrument measuring accuracy. (4) has the friendly man-machine conversation ability. The intelligence instrumentation keyboard replaces in the traditional instrument the cut switch, the operator only must through the keyboard entry order, can realize some kind of survey function. At the same time, the intelligent instrument also through the display monitor the instrument movement situation, the working mode active status as well as to surveys the data the processing result promptly to tell the operator, conveniently causes the instrument the operation to be direct-viewing. (5) has may the program control operation ability. The general intelligent instrument all has standard the and so on GPIB, RS232C, RS485 correspondence connection, may very conveniently and PC machine and other instruments composes the many kinds of functions automatic measurement system together which the user needs, completes the more complex test task. 3. Intelligent instrument development survey The 80s, the microprocessor is used to the instrument in, the instrument front ntspanel starts towards the keyboard direction to develop, measurement system often through IEEE - 488 main lines connections. Was different obtained the development in the traditional independent instrument pattern individual instrument and so on. The 90s, the instrument measuring appliance intellectualization prominently displays in following several aspects: The microelectronic technology progress profoundly affects the instrument measuring appliance the design; DSP chip being published, causes the instrument measuring appliance digital signal processing function to strengthen greatly; The miniature machine development, enable the instrument measuring appliance to have the stronger data-handling capacity; The imagery processing function increase is extremely common; VXI main line obtains the widespread application. The intellectualization survey control measuring appliance development especially was in recent years rapid. In the domestic market already appeared the many and varied intellectualizations survey control measuring appliance, for example, can automatically carry on the intelligent throttle type flowmeter which the difference pressure compensates, can carry on the procedure to control the warm intelligent multistage temperature control meter, can realize digital PID and each kind of plurality of controls rule intelligent type regulator, as well as can carry on the analysis and the data processing intelligent color spectrometer to each kind of spectrogram and so on. On the international intelligence measuring instrument is the variety is many, for example, American HONEYWELL Corporation produces the DSTJ-3000 series intelligence changes delivering, can carry on the difference to press the value condition the compound survey, may to change delivering realization automatic compensation and so on main body temperature, static pressure, its precision may achieve 0.1% FS; The American RACA-DANA Corporations 9,303 superelevation decibel meter, eliminates the electric current using the microprocessor to flow the thermal noise which produces after the resistance, the survey level may lowly reach -77dB; American FLUKE Corporation produces super multi-purpose calibrator 5520A, the interior has used 3 microprocessors, its short-term stability achieves 1ppm, linear may achieve 0.5ppm; American FOXBORO Corporation produces the digitized self regulating decides the regulator, has used the expert system technology, can like experienced control engineer such, according to scene parameter rapidly installation regulator. This kind of regulator suits specially in the object change is frequent or the non-linear control system. Because this kind of regulator can the automatic installation adjustment parameter, be possible to make the overall system to maintain the best quality throughout in the production process. 4. Intelligent instrument development tendency 4.1 microminiaturization The miniature intelligent instrument points to microelectronic technology, ntsmicro mechanical synthesis and so on technology, information technology applies in the instrument production, thus causes the instrument to become the volume to be small, the function complete intelligence instrument. It can complete the signal gathering, linearized processing, the digital signal processing, controls the signal the output, the enlargement, and other instruments connections, and humans junction equivalence function. The miniature intelligent instrument along with the micro electron mechanical technology unceasing development, its technology is unceasingly mature, the price reduces unceasingly, therefore its application domain also unceasingly will expand. It not only has the traditional instrument the function, moreover can in the automated technology, astronautics, the military, the biological technology, the medical domain play to the unique role. For example, wants at the same time to survey patients several different parameters at present, and carries on certain parameters the control, usual patients in vivo must insert several pipes, this increased the opportunity which the patient infects, the miniature intelligent instrument can at the same time survey the multi parameters, moreover the volume is small, may implant the human body, enables these questions to be solved. 4.2 multi-purpose Multi-purpose itself is an intelligent instrument measuring appliance characteristic. For example, in order to design the speed to be quick and the structure complex number system, the instrument produced the factory to make had function the and so on pulse generator, frequency synthesizer and free profile generator function generator. This kind of multi-purpose synthesis product not only (for example accuracy) is higher than in the performance the special-purpose pulse generator and the frequency synthesizer, moreover has provided the good solution in each kind of test function. 4.3 artificial intellectualizations The artificial intelligence is a computer application brand-new domain, using the computer simulation persons intelligence, uses in the robot, the medical diagnosis, the expert system, the inference proof and so on various aspects. The intelligent instrument further development will include the certain artificial intelligence, namely will replace a humans part of mental labor, thus (graph and color will distinguish in the vision reads), the sense of hearing (speech recognition and language comprehension), the thought (inference, judgment, study and association) and so on the aspect has the certain ability. Thus, the intelligent instrument may not need humans intervention but independently to complete the examination or the control function. Obviously, the artificial intelligence in the modern instrument measuring appliance application, enables us not only to be possible to solve a kind of problem which is very difficult with the traditional method to solve, moreover hopes to solve the problem which simply cannot solve with the traditional method. 4.4 fuses ISP and the EMIT technology, realizes instrument measuring ntsappliance system Internet to turn on intelnet。 Is following the network technology rapid development, the Internet technology gradually to the industry control and the intelligent instrument measuring appliance system design domain seepage, the realization intelligence instrument measuring appliance system based on the Internet communication ability as well as to the intelligent instrument measuring appliance system which designs carries on the long-distance promotion, the function reset and the system maintenance. In the system programming technology (In-System Programming, is called the ISP technology) is carries on the revision, the configuration or the reorganization one kind of newest technology to the software. It is one kind which the LATTICE semiconductor company first proposed causes us in the product design, manufacture process each link, even sold to after the end-user in the product, has to its component, the electric circuit board either the entire electronic system logic and the function as necessary carries on the configuration or the reorganization ability newest technology. The ISP technology eliminated traditional technology certain limits and connection disease, is advantageous in the board design, the manufacture and the programming. The ISP hardware is nimble also the easy software to revise, is advantageous for the design development. Because the ISP component may like any other components to be same,
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