DZ280 基于AT89C2051单片机的温度控制系统的设计
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DZ280 基于AT89C2051单片机的温度控制系统的设计,毕业设计
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外文翻译资料 1 About our country optical fiber industry present situation and several views First, our country optical fiber industry development survey 1st, optical fiber industry development review (1) starts Our country optical fiber industry start to the last century70s intermediate stages, then places such as Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, machinery, electron department system and Beijing,Shanghai many units, all invested the strength, was engaged in the optical fiber and the optical fiber prefabricates the stick the development work. And in at the end of the 70s the beginning of 80s,uses from the optical fiber which develops (for multi- molds optical fiber entered the experimental stage at that time). But because receives the technology, the economic potentiality and soon the various factor influence, then work basically or is restricted in the laboratory development the category. 关于我国光纤产业现状及几点看法 一、我国光纤产业 发展 的概况 1、光纤产业发展的回顾 (1)起步 我国光纤产业起步于上个世纪 70年代中期 ,当时的邮电部、机械、 电子 部系统和北京市、上海市等地的诸多单位 ,都投入力量 ,从事光纤和光纤预制棒的研制工作。并在 70年代末 80年代初 ,利用自已研制的光纤 (当时为多模光纤 )进入到了试验阶段 。 但由于受到技术、 经济 实力等多方面的因素 影响 ,当时的工作基本上还是限于实验室研制的范畴。 (2) two time starts an undertaking the time defeat The 80s intermediate stages, the home raised the second optical fiber to start an undertaking the high tide, successively some more than 10 units from English SGC, equipment supplier and so on HEATHWAY and French ASM introduced the optical fiber to prefabricate the good equipment more than 30 set and the optical fiber wire draw in gequipment more than 30 coarse threads. But as a result of to the optical fiber industry understanding insufficiency, only has introduced the production equipment at that time, but has neglected the introduction advanced production craft technology and the advanced nts外文翻译资料 2 management pattern. Moreover invests too disperses, more than 10 units each line of its matter, each unit introduces scale all very small, also all lacks the digestion research and development the following fund investment, in addition the domestic market demand really micro and so on various aspects factor, caused this wave the introduction to start an under taking the work basically was at that time by is defeated comes to an end. (2)二次创业期的失败 80 年代中期 ,国内掀起了第二次光纤创业高潮 ,先后有十多个单位从英国SGC,HEATHWAY 和法国 ASM 等设备供应商引进光纤预制棒设备 30 多套和光纤拉丝设备 30 多条线。但由于对光纤产业的认识不足 ,当时只引进了生产设备 ,而忽视了引进先进的生产工艺技术和先进的管理模式。而且投资过于分散 ,十多个单位各行其事 ,每个单位引进的规模都很小 ,又都缺乏消化研发的后续资金投入 ,加上当时国内市场需求甚微等各方面的因素 ,使这一波 “引进创业 ”工作基本上是以失败告终。 (3) long flight to the success of the late 1980s, along with the reform and opening up and intensify the development of communications, We fiber production enterprises with foreign countries have adopted a cooperative approach, set up the old West and long flight two fiber optic cable joint venture. Especially the long flight to the formation of the company, the introduction of a set of advanced production equipment at the same time. Philips from the Netherlands to the successful introduction of advanced production technology and the maturity of advanced enterprise management model. Long flies the development practice to prove that, designated the partner, the introduction advanced craft technology and the advanced business management pattern decision-making is extremely correct ,long flies setting up with the development, has only then trulyestablished the scale, the modernized domestic fiber optic cabl eenter prise (3)“长飞 ”的成功 到 80 年代后期 ,随着改革开放力度的加大和通信事业的发展 ,我们国家采用了与国外光纤生产 企业 合作的方式 ,先后成立了 “西古 ”和 “长飞 ”两个光纤光缆合nts外文翻译资料 3 资企业。特别是 “长飞 ”公司的组建 ,第一个在引进全套先进生产设备的同时 ,成功的从荷兰菲利浦引进了先进成熟的生产工艺和先进的企业管理模式。 长飞发展的实践证明 ,选定好的合作伙伴 ,引进先进工艺技术和先进企业管理模式的决策是十分正确的 ,“长飞 ”的组建和发展 ,才真正 建立了规模化的、 现代 化的国内光纤光缆企业。 (4) optical fiber industry communitys formation West ancient and long flies the initial period scale, now looked like all is very limited, west ancient the design produces can only have 20,000 cores kilometers, long flies the initial period design optical fiber to produce can 50,000 cores kilometers, the optical cable 4,500 kilometers. Corresponded the enterprise along with our country specially is the optical communication enterprise big development, the market to the optical fiber demand sharp growth, the market traction enormously stimulated our country optical fiber manufacturing industry development To the beginning of, our country only then truly formed by long flew, Hangzhou richly passes, south the national capital new can eware house, the Shanghai Lucent, the Wuhan beacon-fire science and technology, goes well the photo electricity alpha, the Jiangsu Farrvictory, cheng Zhezhong lives, the culmination science and technology, Zhejiang Jiang hua roentgen, Shenzhen especially sends, the Nanjing relax and so on more than 10 enter prises produces the optical fiber the industrial community. (4)光纤产业群体的形成 “西古 ”和 “长飞 ”的初期规模 ,现在看来都是很有限的 ,“西古 ”的设计产能只有2万芯公里 ,“长飞 ”初期设计光纤产能 5万芯公里 ,光缆 4500公里。 随着我国通信事业特别是光通信事业的大发展 ,市场对光纤的需求急剧增加 ,市场的牵引作用极大地激发了我国光纤制造业的发展 ,到本世纪初 ,我国才真正形成了由 “长飞 ”、 “杭州富通 ”、 “南京华新藤仓 ”、 “上海朗讯 ”、 “武汉烽火 科技 ”、 “亨通光电阿尔法 ”、 “江苏法尔胜 ”、 “成者中 住 ”、 “中天科技 ”、 “浙江华伦 ”、 “深圳特发 ”、 “南京特恩弛 ”等十多家企业生产光纤的产业群体。 2nd, the optical communication development led and stimulated the domestic optical fiber industry development The 90s initial period, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication determines no longer uses the coaxial cable, but completely uses nts外文翻译资料 4 the optical cable construction communications network and the country the policy which adopt to the correspondence develops in advance, is determining factor which our country nearly more than10 years fiber optic cable industry can fast develop. 65 period(81-85 year), our country optical fiber lays down the only then more than 300 kilometers, 75 period (86-90 year), the world only has more than 7,000 kilometers, At that time the optical cable core number was very small, converts into the optical fiber only several ten thousand cores kilometers. Obviously at that time fiber optic cable market small pity. Enters for the 90s, after specially 93 years, because Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication determined vigorously develops the mentality which the optical communication and the correspondence construction develops in advance, the fund investment largely grows year by year, enable the fiber optic cable amount used also to obtain the large scale growth. Because the domestic correspondence construction to the optical fiber demand fast growth, causes the domestic optical fiber market seriously to fall short of demand,80-90% optical fiber to have to depend up on the import, under this kind of situation, the market strength urges while which long flies unceasingly expands accommodates, the Shanghai Lucent, south the national capital new cane ware house, Hangzhou richly passes and so on the optical fiber enter prise successively completes goes into production, like this also causes our country optical fiber to produce can rise year by year with the out put. 2、光通信的发展带动和激发了国内光纤产业的发展 90 年代初期 ,邮电部确定的不再采用同轴电缆 ,而全部采用光缆建设通信网和国家对通信采取超前发展的政策 ,是我国近十多年光纤光缆产业得以快速发展的决定因素。 “六五 ”期间 (81-85年 ),我国光纤铺设才 300多公里 ,“七五 ”期间 (86-90年 ),世界只有 7000多公里 ,当时光缆的芯数又很小 ,折合光纤只几万芯公里。可见当时光纤光缆市场小的可怜。进入 90 年代 ,特别是 93 年之后 ,由于邮电部确定大力发展光通信和通信建设超前发展的思路 ,资金的投入逐年大幅增长 ,使光纤光缆用量也得到大幅度增长。为使大家直观了解这一增长的趋势 ,笔者把 “八五 ”和 “九五 ”期间我国对光纤需求的数字列于下表 ,供 参考 。 由上表可见 ,十年时间 ,我国对光纤的需求增长了近百倍。由于国内通信建设对光nts外文翻译资料 5 纤需求的快速增长 ,使国内光纤市场严重供不应求 ,80-90%的光 纤要依靠进口 ,在这种形势下 ,市场的力量促使在 “长飞 ”不断扩容的同时 ,“上海朗讯 ”、 “南京华新藤仓 ”、 “杭州富通 ”等光纤企业先后建成投产 ,这样也就使我国光纤的产能和产量逐年上升。表二列出了我国近十年光纤的产量数字变化 ,供参考。 3rd, our country optical fiber enterprise production equipment and product quality condition (1) optical fiber wiredrawing equipment first-class Our country optical fiber enterprise uses the drawing machine has experienced one, two, three generation of changes. The first generation of drawing machine tower height 6 meters, the air cooling, line speed each minute 80-120 meter, at present the first generate on of drawing machine uses in to produce has been eliminated, majority of actually only arranges to do the experiment work, but some also is using. Second-generation tower high 12M, the argon cools, wire drawing speed 300-400M/min, this generation also has minority is using, mainly uses in the multi- molds and the special optical fiber production. Our country existing drawing optical fiber equipment, the major part all is the third generation product. The wiredrawing speed all above1000M/min, has generally used the evaporation efficiency higher helium cooling, cools the request for the adaption high speed wire drawing, tower GaoDuo above 20M, automated control degree high, suits to enlarges prefabricates the stick, the production efficiency is high, the quality has also achieved a better guarantee. Our country existing production single model optical fiber drawing machine all is the newest equipment, the most advanced third generation equipment, major part is bears the Sloan company and the Japanese Kobe system steel introduction from world well-known line cable use equipment manufacturer Finland, the few parts from English, French and the American related company introduce. At present our country has this kind of optical fiber wiredrawing production line110. 3、我国光纤企业生产设备和产品质量状况 (1)光纤拉丝设备一流 nts外文翻译资料 6 我国光纤企业使用的拉丝机经历了一、二、三代的变更。第一代拉丝机塔高6 米 ,空气冷却 ,线速度每分钟 80-120 米 ,目前 第一代拉丝机用于生产已被淘汰 ,大部分却只安排做试验性的工作 ,但有的还在使用。第二代塔高 12M,氩气冷却 ,拉丝速度 300-400M/min,这一代还有少数在使用 ,主要用于多模和特种光纤的生产。 我国现有拉制光纤的设备 ,绝大部分 都是第三代产品。拉丝速度一般都在1000M/min以上 ,采用了冷却效率更高的氦气冷却 ,为适应高速拉丝冷却的要求 ,塔高多在 20M 以上 ,自动化控制程度高 ,适合于拉大预制棒 ,生产效率高 ,质量也达到了更好保证。 我国现有生产单模光纤的拉丝机都是最新装备、最先进的第三代设备 ,其中大部份是从世界知名线缆使用设备制造商芬兰耐斯隆公司和日本神户制钢引进 ,少部份从英国、法国和美国相关公司引进。目前我国有这类光纤拉丝生产线 110余条。 (2) optical fiber prefabrication stick The production optical fiber prefabrication stick now already the development was two steps, the first step of production prefabricates the stick the core stick, its deposition method includes: MCVD law (improvement chemistry vapor phase sedimentation, PCVD law (plasma chemistry vapor phase sedimentation), VAD law (vapor phase axial sedimentation) and OVD law (outside vapor phase sedimentation) and so on four methods. Outside second step is attaches the color level on the core stick(outside popular name color technology), makes prefabricates the stick . The optical fiber prefabricates the stick optics characteristic, mainly is decided by the core stick manufacture technology. The optical fiber prefabricates the stick the cost mainly to be decided by the outside color technology. The domestic optical fiber enterprise produced the prefabricated stick to cover PCVD, MCVD, VAD and OVD and so on each kind of technology, but , should speak the present our country optical fiber industry on the prefabricated stick development and the production link or abottleneck. Although long flew the company, the beacon-fire science and technology, the Farr victory photon and Hangzhou richly passes and so on the company prefabricates the stick in the optical fiber the development aspect to do the massive work, and has obtained the encouraging result. Certainly long flew the company also to carryon expanded allows, nts外文翻译资料 7 to sharpen the volume production ability, but until 2,003, in 2004, the customs statistical figure indicated, our country optical fiber enterprise wiredrawing used the optical fiber prefabrication stick, some 6%, 70 or depended on the import. At present industry in is connected the enterprise for to change this present situation to try hard, believed the nearly several annual meetings have a bigger breakthrough. (2)光纤预制棒 发展为两步法 ,第一步生产预制棒的芯棒 ,其沉积 方法 有 :MCVD 法 (改进化学汽相沉积法 ,PCVD 法 (等离子体化学汽相沉积法 )、 VAD 法 (汽相轴向沉积法 )和OVD法 (外汽相沉积法 )等四种方法。 第二步是在芯棒上附加外色层 (俗称外色技术 )、制成预制棒。 光纤预制棒的光学特性 ,主要取决于芯棒制作技术。光纤预制棒的成本主要取决于外色技术。国内光纤企业生产预制棒涵盖了 PCVD、 MCVD、 VAD和 OVD等各种技术 ,但是 ,应该讲 目前我国光纤产业在预制棒研制和生产环节上还是个瓶颈。虽然 “长飞公司 ”、 “烽火科技 ”、 “法尔胜光子 ”和 “杭州富通 ”等公司在光纤预制棒的研制方面做了大量的工作 ,并取得了可喜的成绩。当然长飞公司也进行了扩容 ,提高了批量生产的能力 ,但直到 2003、 2004 年 ,海关统计数字表明 ,我国光纤企业拉丝用的光纤预制棒 ,有百分之六、七十还是靠进口。目前业内相关企业正在为改变这一现状而努力 ,相信近几年会有更大的突破。 (3) the optical fiber product quality versatile substitution import produces the mouth In recent years, our country optical fiber industry furiously strives for success in the difficult position, strives for the development in the competition, as a result of various enterprises joint effort, while builds the market fair environment, has also yielded the encouraging result in the technical stratification plane and the product quality stratification plane, many enterprises produce high grade and the low water peak optical fiber, each kind of testing dicated , our country local optical fiber each parameter target had achieved the international advanced level, industry in the expert believed, the domestically produced optical fiber therefore achieved the world advanced level, is because: nts外文翻译资料 8 (3)光纤产品质量完全能取代进口产口 近几年 ,我国 光纤产业在困境中奋力拼搏、在竞争中求发展 ,由于各企业的共同努力 ,在营造市场公平环境的同时 ,在技术层面和产品质量层面也取得了可喜的成果 ,许多企业生产出高质量和低水峰光纤 ,各种测试表明 ,我国本地光纤的各项参数指标已达到国际先进水平 ,业内专家认为 ,国产光纤之所以达到世界先进水平 ,是由于 : (1) Our country optical fiber profession start although is later, but the domestic optical fiber production enterprise will introduce all is the short-term international advanced production test facility ,hardware and so on optical fiber production, check-out facility is the world most advanced level. (2)th, during introduction advanced equipment, the over whelming majority joint capital enterprise has all introduced the advanced craft, the technology and the advanced management, and performs in the production practice to grasp with the improvement. (3)th, our country has implemented the telecommunication equipment .equipment to enter net card system many years, the domestic various optical fibers enterprise all passed the IS09000 quality system authentication. Realistically speaking, in the domestic optical fiber production enterprise overall says has had the modernized industry production management level, the author believed many has inspected the optical fiber enterprises leaders and the experts can approve this point。 The domestically produced optical fiber used in the national optical communication network construction at least also to have more than 20million cores kilometers. The practice indicated that, the project response is good. The domestically produced brand optical fib erver satilely satisfies the user the demand, the performance index definitely may compare favorably with the overseas name brand optical fiber. Moreover compares with the overseas name brand optical fiber, but also has the price superiority and the service aspect superiority. Looked from the product variety that, our country optical fiber enterprise already can produce at present market requirement all commercial optical fibers product nts外文翻译资料 9 、我国光纤行业起步虽然较晚 ,但是国内光纤生产企业引进的都是近期国际先进的生产测试设备 ,光纤的生产、检测设备等硬件是世界最先进的水平。 、在引进先进设备的同时 ,绝大多数合资企业都引进了先进的工艺 ,技术和先进的管理 ,并在生产实践中加以掌握和改进。 、我国已实行电信器材设备入网证制度多年 ,国内各光纤企业又都通过了IS09000质量体系的认证。实事求是地讲 ,国内光纤生产企业总体上讲已具备现代化的产业生产管理水平 ,笔者相信许多视察过光纤企业的领导和专家学者都会认同这一点。 国产光纤用于国家光通信网建设至少 也有 2000 多万芯公里了。实践表明 ,工程反应良好。国产品牌光纤完全能满足用户的需求 ,性能指标完全可以与国外名牌光纤相媲美。而且与国外名牌光纤相比 ,还有价格优势和服务方面的优势。从产品品种上看 ,我国光纤企业已经能够生产目前市场需要的所有商用光纤产品 Second, the optical fiber price and the optical fiber instead dump 1st, optical fiber price overall trend (1) world optical fiber (conventional single model) price overall trend Along with the optical communication development, largely increases year by year to the optical fiber demand. The production craft, the technical improvement is mature, the industry scale expansion, the production efficiency enhancement, causes the optical fiber price overall to assume the drop tendency. 二、光纤价格与光纤反倾销 1、光纤价格的总体走势 (1)世界光纤 (常规单模 )价格总体走势 随着光通信的 发展 ,对光纤的需求逐年大幅增加。生产工艺、技术的改进成熟 ,产业化规模的扩大 ,生产效率的提高 ,使光纤价格总体呈下降趋势。如表三所示 : (2) our country imports the optical fiber price the trend Around 1995, European, beautiful market optical fiber price about 60 US dollars/kilometers. As a result of the Chinese market 90%optical fiber dependence import, monopolized at that time for the overseas merchant, causes the import optical fiber price to outdo the international nts外文翻译资料 10 market about 20%, amounted to more than 70 US dollars /kilometers. After 1998, the our country local optical fiber produces can gradually increase, is self-sufficient the ability to strengthen (approaches 30-40%), imports the optical fiber price to start gradually and the international market is impartial. After 2002,because the international market is worn out, the world optical fiber market seriously has supplied and asks, the various countries optical fiber giant in order to capture the Chinese market, reduced prices, to appear the import optical fiber price in abundance to be lower than the world market price the tendency. The import optical fiber price from is higher than the international market price to gradually to be impartial, again arrives is lower than the international market price the change and the above optical fiber price overall trend shows see sat tempts: (2)我国进口光纤价格的走势 1995 年前后 ,欧、美市场光纤价格在 60 美元 /公里左右。由于当时 中国 市场90%的光纤依赖进口 ,为国外厂商所垄断 ,使进口光纤价格高出国际市场 20%左右 ,达 70多美元 /公里 。 1998年以后 ,我国本地光纤产能逐渐增大 ,自给能力增强 (接近30-40%),进口光纤价格开始逐渐与国际市场持平。 2002 年以后 ,由于国际市场疲软 ,世界光纤市场严重供过与求 ,各国光纤巨头为了争夺中国市场 ,纷纷降价 ,出现了进口光纤价格低于国际市场价格的趋势。进口光纤价格由高于国际市场价到逐渐持平 ,再到低于国际市场价的变化和上述的光纤价格总体走势示见下图 : (3) do mestic optical fiber market price overall condition Above already talked about before, 90 ages intermediate stages, the domestic overwhelming majority single model optical fiber dependence import, the optical fiber price completely monopolized by the supply side. The 90s later periods, the optical fiber localization productivity gradually strengthens, because in the market first impressions ares most lasting with the brand effect and so on many factors, the domestic market optical fiber price basically is healthy and peaceful is highest from Gao Daodi platoon positi
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