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Formations usually appear overnight,10 although some are reported to have appeared during the day.29 Various theories have been put forth ranging from natural phenomena and man-made hoaxes, to the paranormal and even animals.10 While it is not known how all crop circles are formed, the most likely theory is that all of them were made by hoaxers.1030editMan-madeThe scientific consensus on crop circles is that most or all are constructed by human hands as a prank.31 The most widely known method for a person or group to construct a crop formation is to tie one end of a rope to an anchor point, and the other end to a board which is used to crush the plants. All characteristics of crop circles are fully compatible with them being made by hoaxers.30 Bower and Chorley confessed in 1991 to making the first crop circles in South England.10 When some people refused to believe them, they purposefully added straight lines and squares to show that they couldnt have natural causes.10 In a copycat effect, increasingly complex circles started appearing in many countries around the world, including fractal figures.10 Physicists have suggested that the most complex formations might be made with the help of GPS and lasers.10 In 2009, a circle formation was made over the course of three consecutive nights, and was apparently left unfinished, with some half-made circles.10The main criticism of alleged non-human creation of crop circles is that while evidence of these origins, besides eyewitness testimonies, is essentially absent, some are definitely known to be the work of human pranksters, and others can be adequately explained as such. There have been cases in which researchers declared crop circles to be the real thing, only to be confronted with the people who created the circle and documented the fraud.32 In his 1997 book The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, Carl Sagan discussed alien-based theories of crop circle formation. Sagan concluded that no empirical evidence existed to link UFOs with crop circles.33 Many others have demonstrated how complex crop circles can be created.3435 Scientific American published an article by Matt Ridley,16 who started making crop circles in northern England in 1991. He wrote about how easy it is to develop techniques using simple tools that can easily fool later observers. He reported on expert sources such as the Wall Street Journal, who had been easily fooled and mused about why people want to believe supernatural explanations for phenomena that are not yet explained. Methods of creating a crop circle are now well documented on theInternet.34Some crop formations are paid for by companies who use them as advertising.342821 Many crop circles show human symbols, like the heart and arrow symbol of love, stereotyped alien faces36 or the logo of local soccer club Feyenoord.37Hoaxers have been caught in the process of making new circles, for example, in 2004 in the Netherlands.37Cereologists (crop circle researchers, normally those favourable to paranormal explanations) discount on-site evidence of human involvement as attempts of discrediting the phenomena.37 Some cereologists even argue a conspiracy theory, with governments planting evidence of hoaxing to muddle the origins of the circles.37Crop Circles - formations, usually found in grain crops, where the crop has been mysteriously found laid flat, in patterns, that did not exist in daylight the previous day. Although thought by many to be a phenomena of the 20th Century, crop circles and formations have been around for a very long time, and records even date back well before the invention of the camera.The most well known positive depiction of a crop circle is found in a woodcut made in 1678 with the title Strange News out of Hartford-shire.It depicts a devil-like creature cutting out a pattern in a crop with a scythe.The woodcut has text, which told of a greedy farmer, who, having refused to pay a mower a reasonable rate for reaping his oats, swore that he would rather have the Devil do the work. The very following morning, the farmer awoke to find his crop had been harvested, but done so in such an amazing manner, with rounded circles of incredible exactness that no human could have done the same within the period and darkness of one night. The farmer was so afraid that he could not enter the field to collect his harvest.A crop circle is a sizable pattern created by the flattening of a crop such as wheat, barley, rye, maize, orrapeseed. Crop circles are also referred