完形填空解题技巧(讲座.doc

完形填空解题技巧 解题技巧二 贵州省松桃民族中学 杨光辉一 试题分析 要想做好完形填空题，我们就必须先了解该题型的考察目标和要求，方能以适当的技巧和方法去应对它。因此，在讲解做题技巧之前，我们有必要先解读一下课标和考纲。（一）.课标解读 高中英语课程标准的八级目标要求学生：1. 能有效利用网络多种教育资源获取和处理信息；2. 自觉评价学校效果，形成有效的学校策略；3. 了解交际中的文化内涵和背景。完形填空正是基于英语学习这一要求而设计的一种题型，它要求考生根据文章的整体内容，把握结构的层次和内容的逻辑关系，选择适合文章情节的答案。所以，情景意义型的命题形式是完形填空试题自身的内在要求，考生通常只有结合上下文语境才能选择出正确答案。（二）考纲解读 英语考试大纲中对完形填空提出了很明确的要求：“在一段难度适中的短文中留出空格，要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补全后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。”仔细研读一下，不难发现，完形填空旨在考查考生英语基础知识和综合运用语言的能力，其中包括识词能力、阅读理解能力、逻辑推理和判断能力、归纳总结能力、文化背景掌握能力等。它不仅要求考生具有独立分析、对比取舍及灵活处理问题的能力，同时考生必须具有根据上下文语境理解全文大意的能力和灵活运用生活常识的能力。（三）命题特点及趋势纵观近些年全国及各自主命题的省市高考“完形填空”试题，我们发现此题型有如下特点：1. 侧重语境，淡化语法 近些年全国及各自主命题的省市高考“完形填空”试题一个显著的特点就是设问注重上下文呼应，注重语境的意义、淡化语法。语法不再是考查的重点，“语境能力”成为主要的考查对象。 因此，正确理解短文大意是答题的基础。从每个小题的设计来看，只要读懂设空句就能找到答案的比例极小，而从上下文中找到答案的比例却很大。2. 题材广泛、体裁多样完形填空题材非常广泛，涉及日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、政治、经济、人物、社会、故事等等。文章内容大多数与生活直接相关，选材新颖、时尚，将知识、文化、教育融为一体，符合考生的阅读兴趣且基本上为考生所熟悉，同时也注重对学生情感意识和文化意识的培养。体裁主要是记叙文、说明文和议论文。其中，主要以记叙和夹叙夹议类型为主，文章寓意深刻，常涉及到人物心理活动的细致描写，篇章与语句的结构变化多端、丰富多彩。考生读起来熟悉、亲切、自然。3. 题型稳定，结构严谨 从近几年的高考完形填空题的设计来看，全国高考都采用如下形式：在一篇200-300词左右的短文中挖出20个空，要求考生在每题后所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的短文意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。无论是短文的长度、阅读量，还是设空的平均间隔，均极为相似，体现了“在稳定中求发展”的命题思想。而所选的文章结构严谨，层次分明，逻辑性相当强。4. 辨析词义，实词为主 完形填空的选项设计以文章的理解、逻辑的贯通为设题的基准点，以实词考查为主，尤其是名词、动词、形容词和副词。在选项中增加词义辨析来考查考生在特定的语境中运用词汇的能力。二应对策略（一）做题步骤 完形填空题一般分为三步走。第一步，用2分钟时间浏览全文，了解文章的大概意思、上下联系和逻辑联系，有助于下一步做题时正确理解原文。第二步，用1012分钟时间细读短文，选择答案。第三步，把所选答案带入空白处，再读一遍短文，以确定答案并检查出已选的错答案或多选、漏选。（二）解题方法与高分策略1.浏览全文，抓住要旨。具体来讲，就是跳读首尾句，判断文体，预测主题。完形填空的首句通常不设空，便于考生迅速进入主题，为理解全文奠定基础，也为探索短文全貌打开了窗口。而文章的最后一句通常也不设空，往往告诉我们事情的结果、推断出的结论、重要的提示等。因此，通读的关键是弄清文章的第一句和总结概括全文的最后一句。2. 瞻前顾后，谨慎选择。完形填空的命题特点决定了它的解题策略：若单纯从句子或个别段落来分析，或许所给四个答案都是对的，但若放在全局，则不一定正确，肯定只有一个正确答案。因此，快速浏览全文，领悟文章主旨，通过上下文的语境来选择答案是关键。通过上下文语境来选择答案是指通过分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，根据上下文的同义词、环境、因果、转折及用途等线索，前后顺序及前后文中提示与解释的关系，猜测出文中的生词词义和缺失的单词。例如：【2009.全国卷I】It was thought that Treasure Island was the product of Robert Louis Stevensons imagination. ,recent research has found the true story of this exciting work.A. However B. Therefore C. Besides D.Finally通过分析上下文的逻辑关系可以看出，上下文存在转折关系，因此，此空应选A. However 来表示转折关系。3.调动语法规则，利用规定搭配。 虽然语法不再是完形填空题考查的重点，但是，对语法、词汇等基础知识的考查也是完形填空的一个命题角度之一。因此，对语法也不能忽视。考生不仅要了解上下文的逻辑关系，更要有针对性的对语法结构、句式特点、短文中所设的空格中需要填入的词在句子中做什么成分，哪类词合适，应采取什么形式等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。例如：【2009.浙江卷】 As I encouraged group members to focus on _they could do,A. how B. where C. what D. when 通过分析句子结构我们可以看出介词on后面是宾语从句，而宾语从句又缺少宾语。四个选项中只有what是连接代词，可以做宾语，其它都是连接副词，故只能选C。词的固定搭配，尤其是动词的搭配在完形填空中所占的比例很大。这就要求我们的学生多记一些所学的习语和固定搭配，并能灵活运用。例如：【2009.上海卷】的完形填空 A major French newspaper his brother for him and A. found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged 所给四个选项中只有mistake一词能与for搭配，故选C。mistake sth for sth意为“将A误为B”。4.全面考虑文章的语境，注意易混词（或词组）的意义辨析 词语辨析是完形填空题考查的重点。近年来词语辨析题通常有以下几种类型：同义词或近义词辨析、相似词语的辨析、常用词汇的辨析、转换词语的辨析，它们大多数需要结合上下文语境，反复比较才能做出正确的判断。例如：【2008.江西卷】的完形填空 They are 41(experienced) labours who know how to spread the weight of the rock they 42 .A. take B. fetch C. carry D. bring take强调拿走,bring强调带来，fetch注重往返过程的去取，因此选C。carry是不带方向性的携带。5. 利用语言结构，远离解题误区在做完形填空时，考生还应该把握两个常见的结构：排比结构和对比结构。排比结构是指结构相同或相似、意义密切关联、语气一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。对比结构是指把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比，使之相辅相成，从而达到突出主题的修辞效果。例如：【2008.天津卷】的完形填空 You will feel like a small fish in a big pond 34 a big fish in a small pond.A. in return for B. in case of C. in terms of D. instead of a small fish in a big pond和a big fish in a small pond刚好形成对比，因此，答案是D，表示“而不是” 6.复读全文，宏观思考借助 已经补全的空格，我们对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。全部做完以后，考生务必要围绕文章中心，结合自己所选答案重新阅读短文内容，查看内容是否通顺，结构是否完整，搭配是否恰当。总之，解答完形填空题时，必须遵循“整体-部分-整体”的步骤，要先完其义后完其形，既要注重上下文信息的关联，做到瞻前顾后，又要注意常用词汇、高频词汇在语境中的辨析。三专项突破（一）记叙文 1.记叙文完型填空的命题趋势分析近几年全国及各省市的高考试题，我们可以看出记叙文高考完形填空的发展趋势为：（1）.首句完整，线索清晰。一般来说，完型填空首句会包含人物身份和事件发生的时间、地点等重要信息，且不设空。（2）.叙述灵活，侧重语境。文章以叙述为主，人物间对话较少，绝大部分篇章都是作者在描述事件，较少加入自己的评论或观点。另外，记叙文完型填空中常会出现态度与观点的跳跃变化或语气上的差异，这就增加了情景的迷惑性和干扰性，从而突出了对语境的考查，实现了在理解了上下文的基础上，通过语境来辨析词语并作出选择这一考查目的。（3）.考查以实词为主，虚词为辅。记叙文完型填空篇幅不长，行文始终紧扣中心话题，形成一个主题连续体。考查重点集中在动词、名词、形容词和副词上。2.应试技巧（1）.重视首句，开篇明义。充分重视首句的提示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，并据此进行拓展思维。 典例1 On a hot summer day in late August, I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront caf on a Greek island. Over a hundred degrees in 36 air. Crowded. Tempers of both tourists and waiters had 37 to meet the situation, making it a rather quarrelsome environment.(06全国卷)36.A. fresh B. cool C. still D. thin37.A. managed B. expected C. attempted D. risen 36选C.既然是炎热的夏日，个人的感觉当然是热，空气当然是不流动，所以still最合适。37选D.考查语境理解。前面已有暗示：天气炎热，导致人情绪不好，因此，游客和服务员的脾气“上升”就符合当时的情形。（2）.通读全文，把握大意。在看选项之前，要先把文章通读一遍，遇到不甚明了的地方先跳过去，接着往下读，全力以赴捕捉重要信息。把重点放在文章中叙述的人物、时间、地点和事件上，同时对空格中要填的词作试探性的猜测，为下一步选择答案做好准备。（3）.利用语境，揣摩作者心态。典例2 It was a bright spring afternoon when Freda told me she wouldnt need me any more. I had just finished my four-hour work- 36 up and down washing the dishes. She was 37 jeans and a sweater, sitting at the table I had just 38 , a pile of papers spread around her. Herhusbands 39 was going to be reduced by thirty percent, and they were trying to live as it had 40 happened. I felt sorry for her, but I also felt a sense of 41 .(06 辽宁卷)36. A. stepping B. coming C. jumping D. moving37. A. hanging B. making C. wearing D. changing 38. A. cleaned B. washed C. swept D. brushed39.A. duty B. money C. work D. pay40.A. already B. seldom C. never D. yet 41.A.regret B. surprise C. fear D. lossDCADAD （4）.理清线索，把握方向。记叙文一般按事件发展的顺序（有时）也用倒叙）。答题时，通过理清人物间的关系，把握人物各自所做的事情，从而找准作者的记叙方向，正确理解文章。 记叙文练习一I returned to Abuja, the capital of Nigeria, 1.A. Encouraged B. DisappointedAfter college graduation. I had been there before C. Delighted D. Confusedmy mother become a minister. 2.A. car B. mother Two weeks later, I told my mother I was C. driver D. keysbored. She said,“Herere the keys. Go 3.A. willing B. afraidand buy some fruits.” 1 ,I jumped into the C. eager D. ashamed car and speeded off. 4. A. got down B. bargained down Seeing me or rather my 2 , a boy C. put down D. took downsprang up, 3 to sell his bananas and 5.A.explained B. promisedpeanuts. “Bananas 300 naira. Peanuts C. agreed D. admitted200 naira!” 6. A. change B. notes Looking at his black-stripped bananas, I C. checks D. bills 4 to 200 total for the fruit and nuts. He 7. A. troubled B. regretful 5 .I handed him a 500 naira note. He didnt C. comfortable D. gratefulhave 6 ,so I told him not to worry. He 8. A. ran after B. ran intowas 7 and smiled a row of perfect teeth. C. ran over D. ran to When, two weeks later, I 8 this same 9.A protect B. enjoyboy, I was more aware of my position in Nigerian C. help D. supportsociety. I should 9 this country as the son of 10. A. minister B. headmaster a 10 . But it was hard to find pleasure in a C. manager B. president place where it was so 11 to see a little boy 11. A. lucky B. amazingwho should have been in school selling fruit. C. funny D. common “Whats up?” I asked. He answered in 12 12.A. old B. brokenEnglish,“II no get money to buy book.” C. traditional B. modernI took out two 500 naira notes. He looked around 13. A. proudly B. madly 13 before sticking his hand into the car C. curiously D. nervously 14 the bills. One thousand naira means a 14. A. for B. withlot to a family that 15 only 50,000each year. C. at D. upon The next morning, security officers told me, 15. A. spend B. pays“In this place, when you give a little, people think C. makes D. affordsyoure a fountain of opportunity.” 16.A. Possibly B. Actually16 its right, but this happens everywhere C. Certainly D. Fortunatelyin the world. I wondered if my little friend had 17.A. joys B. nutsactually used the money for 17 . C. books D. bananas After six months work in northern Nigeria, 18. A. asked B. imaginedI returned and saw him again standing on the road C. reminded D. realized “Are you in school now?” 19. A . when B. as if He nodded. C. even if D. after A silence as we looked at each other, then 20. A. send B. provideI 18 what he wanted. I held out a 500-naira C. sell D. givenote. “Take this.” He shook his head fiercely and stepped back 19 hurt. “Its a gift.” I said. Shaking his head again, he handed me a basket of bananasAnd peanuts. “I ve been waiting to 20 these to you.”记叙文练习二词数315难度建议用时19m实际用时 There was a very special teacher who made 1. A. nodded B. laugheda far-reaching difference in my life. C. apologized D. shouted Fall, 1959,the first day of class at Bethesda Chevy 2. A. trouble B. sorrowChase High School was about to begin. “Who,”I asked C. danger D. angera senior, is Mrs. McNamara, “my tenth grade English 3. A. behaviour B. evaluationteacher？”He just 1 and said something about C. activity D. thoughtmy being in 2 . Soon, I understood what he meant. 4.A. review B. performanceMrs. McNamara had a pattern of 3 that she repeated C. practice D.homeworkagain and again. We would have a literature reading 5. A. added B. relatedtask for 4 .The next day, when we came to class, C. contributed D. compared there would two or three topics on the blackboard 5 6.A . expected B. persuaded to the homework reading.We were 6 to write an in- C. allowed D. advisedclass essay abou t one of the topics.The following 7. A. collect B. returnday,she would 7 the corrected and graded essays C. send D. receiveand each person would be called 8 to stand in 8. A. on purpose B. at firstfront of the class and to 9 his/her essay.The class C. by chance D. in turnwere required to criticize that essay, 10 the grade 9. A. talk through B. hand overof everyone in class would be reduced. C. read out D. show off The first time that I 11 her read-write-criticize 10. A. so B. and C. but D. ormethod, I had not 12 to do the homework and had 11. A. tried B. adopted written something without knowing what it meant. C. examined D. experienced13 he extreme embarrassment I suffered, standing 12. A. undertaken B attemptedbefore my classmates, 14 myself. No one laughed C. bothered D. hesitatedat me;no one would be 15 enough,or foolish enough, 13. A. Remember B. Predict to do that in Mrs. McNamaras class. The embarrassment C. Bear D. Imaginecame from 16 and along with it came a strong 17 14. A .playing jokes on not to let it happen again. B. making a fool of C. setting a trap for Mrs. McNamara kept all of our written work in files; D. taking advantage ofit was easy to see the 18 in writing that had occurred. 15. A. brave B. careless What was not so easy to see was the inner transformation C. proud D. selfish that had taken place, at least for me. What Mrs. 16. A. above B.within C. behind D. belowMcNamara 19 me to do was to see myself as others see 17. A. tendency B. preference me and, having done that,I could improve myself. C. determination D. pains And I 20 .Thank you, Mrs. McNamara. 18. A.improvements B.pains C.difficulties D.advantages 19.A. trusted B. invited C. forced D. permitted20. A. did B. could C. had D. would 记叙文练习三总词数：303 难度： 建议时间：16m 实际用时： The story happened in Vietnam during the 1. A. wounded B. examinedwar. A bomb landed in an orphanage(孤儿院) C. encouraged D. fooledand several children were 1 , including an 2. A. chemical B. medical8-year-old girl. C. nutrient D. mental People from the village requested 2 help 3.A. Chinese B. Vietnamfrom the nearby American forces. Soon, a(an) C. American D. Australian 3 doctor and a nurse arrived in a jeep. They 4.A. bitterly B. positivelyfound out the girl was the 4 seriously C. least D. mostinjured. Without quick transfusion(put new 5.A. conflict B. foodblood into a persons body) , she would die of C. courage D.blood shock and loss of 5 . A quick test showed 6.A .view B. supplythat neither of the two American had the correct C. type D.collection 6 ,nor several of the uninjured 7 had. Speaking 7.A.soldiers B. orphanspoor Vietnamese, the doctor tried to 8 to C. nurses D. peasantstheir frightened audience that unless they could 8.A explain B. refer9 some of the girls lost blood, she would C.stick D. devotecertainly die. Then they asked if anyone would 9.A. replace B. operatebe 10 to give blood to help. The request was C. store D. freshenmet with 11 . 10.A. anxious B. willingAfter several moments, a small hand 12 went C. surprised D. opposedup, dropped back down, and then went up again. 11.A. argument B. queueHe was Heng. C. silence D. danger Heng was quickly 13 on a bed, a needle 12.A. quickly B. joyfullyinserted in his arm. After a moment, he let C. mysteriously D. slowlyout a 14 quickly covering his face with his 13.A. laid B. tookfree hand. When the doctor asked him if the C. thrown D. sliced14 hurt, he shook his head. But soon his 14.A. surprise B. soboccasional sobs gave 16 to a steady, silent C. secret D. pain crying. Something seemed unexpected. At 15.A. wound B. testthis point, a Vietnamese nurse arrived to 17 . C. needle D. legShe spoke to the boy rapidly in Vietnamese and 16.A. hope B. messageafter a moment, the boy stopped 18 and a C. excitement D. waylook of happiness spread over his face. 17.A. advise B. prevent Glancing up,the nurse said to the Americans, C. threaten D. help“He thought he was dying. He 19 you. He 18.A. quarrelling B. seekingThought you had asked him to give all his blood C. crying D. shaking-so the little girl could live.” 19.A. hurt B. misunderstood “ 20 why would he be willing to do that?” C. blamed D. praised The Vietnamese nurse repeated the question 20.A. But B. Soto the boy , who answered simply, “Shes my C. And D. Stillfriend.” （二）议论文议论文是一种通过剖析事物或论述事理来提出主张或发表见解的文体。主要分为两种形式：一种是夹叙夹议型，一种是纯议论型。夹叙夹议型完形填空的基本模式是：作者首先叙述一件事，然后就此提出自己的见解或由此事引出一个深刻的社会问题；纯议论型完形填空的基本模式是：提出论点，列举论据，提出看法。议论型完形填空有以下特点：1. 首句制胜，论点明确。议论型完形填空的首句往往是文章的主题句。作者一般在首段提出论点，然后在各段的首句提出分论点。2. 结构清晰，脉络有序 。议论文的三要素为论点、论据和论证。论点和论据形成一体，互相印证。有时作者为了使文章脉络清楚，行文流畅，会使用一些连接词，如：on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally speaking, worse still, on the other hand, in conclusion, as a consequence等。3. 按一定的方法论证。议论文完形填空中的论点都是按一定的方法来论证的。常用的论证方法有：归纳法（分析个别事物，进而推断出这类事物的共同点，得出结论）；推理法（从原理出发，个别分析说明，得出结论）；对照法（正反对照，先分析说明，后得出结论）；驳论法（先阐述错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点）。应试技巧1.叙议有机结合 对于夹叙夹议型的完形填空要把叙和议有机地结合起来，不要只顾选某一部分答案，而忽略了事件与论点之间的关系。请看例题：Home shopping television networks have become a 37 (way) for many people to shop without 38 (ever) having to leave their homes入手，最后得出结论：in the future, home shopping will 55 (exist)together with store shopping but will never entirely replace it.文章论述了电视网络购物得以流行的原因，结尾时告诉我们：电视网络购物与商场购物将会并存。2遵循狠抓首句原则 对于议论文完形填空，在掌握全文主旨的情况下，抓住每段的首句是做好题的关键。一项调查表明，英语中60%到90%的议论文的主旨句都在段落的首句。【典例】 Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say it is 1 for children to work at home in their free time. 2 they argue that most teachers do not 3 plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. The result is that pupils have to 4 tasks which theyhave already done at school.1. A. unnecessary B. uninterestingC. unfortunateD. unimportant2.Nevertheless B. However C. Therefore D. Moreover3.considerably B. favourably C. properly D. pleasantly4. finish B. repeat C. attend D. accomplish 通过阅读分析本段我们可以看出，第一句就是本段主旨句。理解了首句，知道了主旨，后面就很容易理解了。ADCB3. 理清文章的论点、论据和结论 4. 三论结合推出答案议论文完形填空练习（一）（夹叙夹议型） One man was to meet his wife downtown and 1.A. proudly B. respectfullyspend some time shopping with her. He waited C. patiently D. curiously1 for 15 minutes. Then he waited impatiently 2.A. angry B. hungryfor minutes more. After that, he became 2 . C. frightened D. thirstyWhen he saw a photograph booth nearby, he had 3.A. a question B. a reason_3 He wore the most unhappy expression he C. an opinion D. an ideacould manage, which was not 4 in the situ- 4.A. serious B. difficultation