B级辅导班语法讲义.doc

语法讲义一对2000年至2003年语法结构题的统计数据：非谓语动词 15小题 占 23.3%； 时态、语态 11小题 占13.9%虚拟语气 6小题 占8.3% ； 复合句 11小题 占15%情态动词 1小题 占2% ； 倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句 2小题 占5.3%语法主要考点:1. 非谓语动词 2. 谓语的时态和语态 3. 虚拟语气 4. 复合句5. 情态动词 6. 倒装句和强调句 7. 主谓一致一、非谓语动词不定式（to+V.）,动名词（-ing）和分词。分词又分现在分词（-ing）和过去分词（-ed）。1.不定式可作除谓语动词以外的任何其他成分，其本身也有时态和语态的变化。时态主动形式被动形式一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing完成进行式To have been doing2.每个不定式都有逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语不是动作的发出者，不定式为主动式；如果逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式有被动式。-They are expected to come today.-I am glad to be treated here so kindly.3.注意不带to的不定式的特殊情况。1）在had better, would rather, rather than, would sooner, cannot but, cannot help but(不得不), might(just)as well(还是的好), do nothing but等结构后面不用to。2）在feel, see, look at, watch, notice, let, make, have, leave, help, listen to等动词后面，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。-Let the students do the exercises by themselves.3）在以why引导的疑问句中不用to。-Its fine day. Why not go out to take a walk in the park?4)只能接不定式作宾语的动词有: afford, agree, arrange , ask , attempt, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, pretend, happen, hope , manage, offer, plan, prepare, refuse, promise, wish.5）需要动名词作宾语的动词有：suggest, finish, avoid, cant help, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, endure, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss, finish, mind, permit, risk, resist, feel like, look forward to, appreciate, forbid, prohibit等。 在love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, cant hear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, cant afford等动词后，可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语，有是这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意义。try to do努力,企图做某事; try doing试验、尝试某种方法mean to do打算，有意要 ;mean doing 意味着remember/ forget to do记得/忘记去做某事(此事未做); remember/ forget doing记得/忘记做过某事regret to do对沿未做的事表示遗憾,抱歉; regret doing对做过的事后悔go on to do接着去做另外一件事; go on doing继续做同一件事stop to do停下来去做另外一件事; stop doing停止正在做的事5）分词-ing和-ed形式主要具有形容词和副词的作用。-ing分词一般含有主动、进行的意义，而-ed形式一般含有被动、完成的含义。作定语时其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词。作状语时，一般情况下，分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作状语时如果其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，就应该有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立主格结构。应试对策：1.确定所考题型是否属于非谓语动词题型，然后确定是属于哪一种。2.检查各选项是否有时态和语态方面的变化。3.根据句意确定题干中所要求的答案在句中所起的作用，然后确定应先的形式。4.检查所先答案是否与题干中的词有搭配关系，确定选项是否正确。5.将所选答案带入题干中检验是否既符合语法结构，又符合语义。-If _in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week.A. keeping B. kept C. be kept D. to keep-If you drive a great deal, consider _ redial tires. A. use B. used C. using D. to use二、时态、语态考试中常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和现在完成进行时。考试时态的题型一般可分为两大类：1.在句子中给出特定的时间状语，其四个选项为谓语的不同形式。2.给出一定的语言环境（给出上下文或主从复合句），其四个选项为谓语的不同形式。注意之点：1。如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，则从句要用与过去时有关的时态。如：-I was sorry that you didnt go to the class. -I was told that he was cleaning in the next room.2。由于时间着眼点不同，并列谓语和并列句中可以用不同的时态。如：-Well go for a picnic if it doesnt rain tomorrow.3。主句谓语为一般将来时，句中的宾语从句或状语从句的谓语用一般现在时表示将来。如：-Ill telephone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.4。下列动词一般无进行时：feel, own , want , have, believe, remember, think, hate, like, love, mind5。不及物动词（或不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的词无被动语态。如：happen, occur, rise, fit, suit, feel like, become, go, take place, consist of-He said, “I _ a lot of new words by the end of last year.”A. had already learnt B. would have already learnt C. have already learnt D. already learnt三、虚拟语气陈述语气：陈述事实祈使语气：提出请求、命令等。虚拟语气：表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。虚拟语气题型主要分为两大类：条件从句的虚拟语气和其他从句的虚拟语气。条件从句的虚拟语气：1.表示与现在事实相反，用ifV-ed,would+ V如：If I knew him, I would be his best friend.2.表示与过去事实相反，用Ifhad +V-ed,would have +V-ed,如：If I had brought enough money with me, I would have bought the book.3.表示对将来发生情况的怀疑或实现的可能性很小，用Ifshould/were to do,would + V. 如：We wouldnt miss the train if we were to arrive earlier.其他从句的虚拟语气：1.用在wish之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气1）表示现在的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时，be换成were，如：I wish I were back home.2）表示过去的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或could have + V-ed如：I wish that you had told him.3）表示未来不大可能实现的愿望，从句谓语用would + V.。如：I wish that you would stop idling.2.用在It is about (high) time + that从句中（表示应该做，但还没做），that从句中谓语用一般过去时。如：Its high time that we went to class.3.在would rather, would sooner（宁愿）, would just as soon（宁愿）之后的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词有两种情况：表示现在或将来虚拟时，谓语一般都用一般过去时；表示过去虚拟用过去完成时。如：I would rather that he scolded me. I would rather that I had seen the movie.4.有在表示命令、建议、要求和愿望等宾语从句中，谓语动词用should +V.。如：The regularity requires that every student should go to bed at 10 oclock at night.常见的这类动词有：suggest, request, insist, decide, advise, order, propose, ask, object, urge, vote, demand, recommend, command, desire,。由上述动词派生出的名词在同位语从句和表语从句中，谓语动词也要用这种形式。如：He made the suggestion that they (should) listen to BBC every day.5.在It is/was+形容词（分词）+that从句中，其谓语动词用(should)+V.。如：It was important that he (should) go to hospital at once.常用于该种句型的形容词有：important, urgent, imperative, vital, crucial, appropriate, necessary, desirable, advisable, insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, commanded,如果这些形容词或分词用作宾语补足语，那么其引导的宾语从句的谓语动词也用(should)+ V.形式。如：I think it essential that he (should) be go to hospital at once.6.在as if, as though和if only引导的状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。如：It seems as if it were out of date already.-The doctor recommended that he _ for a few days. A. rests B. rest C. rested D. will rest-If I _ how awful the job was going to be, I wouldnt have accepted it. A. realized B. had realized C. was realized D. did realized四、复合句句型并列复合句和主从复合句主从复合句：1。名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。通常由连词if, whether,that还带有wh-的连词充当其引导词。其中where, when, which, what, whose, whomever, whichever,和whatever为连接代词；where, when, why ,how为连接副词；that, if和whether为从属连词。使用时应注意：1）从属连词只起连接作用，不充当句中的任何语法成分，that无词义。2）if只能引导宾语从句，后面不能接or not; whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。3）that引导宾语从句时，可省略。4）that引导同位语从句时，其先行词一般是抽象名词，如：conclusion, idea, fact, news, doubt, opinion, promise, report, problem, evidence, belief。同位语所起的作用是对先行词进行解释说明，这种情况下that不能省略。如：Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night?2。定语从句：定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系代词有：that, which , whose, who, whom, as, but；关系副词有：when, where, why。与名词性从句不同的是，关系代词和关系副词都在从句中充当语法成分。在使用时选择哪一个关系词，取决于从句所修饰的先行词及相关的词。掌握好定语从句的关键就是要掌握其关系代词或关系副词的使用要点。1）关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略。如：He is the soldier (whom) we should look for.但关系代词跟在介词之后作介词宾语时不能省略。如：The pen with which he is writing is working well.2）如果先行词为all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词时，关系代词只用that，不用which。3）如先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词用that而不用which, who或whom。如：Thats the only computer that we can use now.4）在非限制性定语从句不用that。5）关系副词引导定语从句时可在从句中分别表示时间、地点和原因等。6）as也可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。A：引导限制性定语从句（as和such或the same 连用，suchas和the sameas。如：Such hats as people wear are out of fashion nowadays.）B：引导非限制性定语从句（as作关系代词指代整个主句的内容）。如：As is known to all, the birds migrate from one place to another with the change of seasons.3。状语从句：时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、目的和结果状语从句。1）时间状语从句：连接词有when, whenever, as , while, before, after, till, until, since, no soonerthan, hardly(scarcely)when (before)：意为“一就”，“刚刚就”，表示主句和从句动作相继发生，主句动词用过去完成时。2）地点状语从句：连接词有：where, wherever3）条件状语从句：连接词有：unless“除非，如果不”(ifnot)；if“如果”,provided that, providing, supposing, suppose (that), as long as , so long as, on condition, in case这些连词都可译为“如果，只要，假如，在条件下”等。4）原因状语从句：连接词有：because, since, as, for。这四个词连接词虽然都可连接原因状语从句，但所表示的程度不同：because语气最强，常用于回答why引导的疑问句；since表示附带原因；as只是对主句的附带说明，一般放在句首；for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些补充说明，不位于句首。seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that这几个词与意义差不多，如：Seeing (that) he needs help, why dont we come up to him?5）让步状语从句：连接词有：A：though, although, even if , even though这几个词组都可译为“虽然，尽管”，even if和even though语气较强，though和although语气较弱。B：whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, however这几个词都可引导让步状语从句，相当于no mater what (when, where, who, which, how).C：while, whereas这两个词所引导的让步状语从句，突出对比主句我从句所表示的两种情况的差异。D：whetheror (not)引导的让步状语从句是提供两外对比的情况，意为“不管”。如：Whether he goes to swim or I go for a walk, the schedule will not be changed.E：让步状语从句的倒装：though所引导的让步状语从句可以倒装。在倒装句子中，though可用as或that代替，但是句子必须倒装。其结构如下：形容词（副词，动词，分词，名词）+though (as, that)+主语+谓语，如：Diligent as she was, she didnt pass the exam.6）方式状语从句：其连接词有：A：as和just as，意为“如，犹如，正如”。如：Please do it as I told you.B：as if 和as though既可用于陈述语气也可用于虚拟语气，意为“好像，仿佛”。7）比较状语从句：其连接词有：(not)asas, (not)the same., more than等。8）目的状语从句：其连接词有：so that和in order that“为了，以便”，如less, for fear that, in case都可译为“以防，以免”，但lest从句一般都用虚拟语气，谓语用should +V,; for fear that和in case一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可用陈述语气。9）结果状语从句：其连接词有sothat和suchthat, so, so that等。注意sothat中so之后只能跟形容词或副词，suchthat中的such之后只能接名词。应试对策：_more than a hundred elements are known to us, only twenty-five of them are common and important.A. If B. Although C. Because D. SinceTom had argument with Bill, _ was known to all.A. what B. that C. this D. which五、情态动词1.should (ought to) + have +v-ed表示应该发生而实际上未发生；其否定式为“本不该发生”而实际上“已经发生了”。如：You ought to have come earlier. My lecture is over.2.must + have +V-ed表示对过去情况的推测“一定发生了”，只能用于肯定句。 The ground is wet. It must have rained yesterday evening.3.could/can +have +V-ed表示对过去行为的推测及过去能做而未做的事，是对过去不付诸实施的事情的惋惜。其不定式用来表示不肯定的推断。如：We could have been so good together, but now whom should be blamed?4。情态动词+have + been + V-ing表示推测某种动作“应当一直在”，“可能一直在”。如：She must have been telling a lie.She _ have been listening to our conversation. It was private.A. shouldnt B. mustnt C. may not D. oughnt to六、倒装句、强调句及反意疑问句1.当there, here, then, now等副词位于句首，谓语动词为be, come, fall, go, lie, stand等时，句子一般全部倒装（但主语为代词时不倒装）。如：Here comes the car./ Here it is.2.当否定词或含有否定意义的词或短评放在句首时，句子一般部分倒装。如Not only does he swim well, but also he runs fast这类否定词有：at no time, no, little, seldom, never, not onlybut also, hardly (scarcely)when, in no way, rarely, not until, under no circumstances, not a single word, no soonerthan等。3.一些表示时间、程度的副词位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。如：Only yesterday did I finish my assignment.4.as, though引导让步状语从句常用倒装语序，把形容词或副词放在句首。5.在虚拟语气中如果省略if，那么就把were, should, had放在主语之前。如：Had you come earlier, you would have seen her.6.强调句型：It is /was + 被强调部分+ that + 句子其他成分. 如:It is in the college that he took up literature7.反意疑问句：1）陈述句的动词是表示愿望的wish时，反意疑问句的疑问部分要用may。如：I wish to take part in the activity, may I?2）如果陈述句已带有表示否定意义的词，如never, seldom, hardly, rarely, nothing, none等，那么疑问部分应该用肯定形式。如：No one is in the classroom, are they?3）当陈述句中的主语为everything, nothing, anything, something,时，疑问部分的主语要用it。如：Everything is OK, isnt it?4）当陈述句中的主语是everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, no one时，疑问部分的主语通常用they来代替。如：Everybody hates smoking, dont they?5）如果陈述句是一个主从复合句，那么疑问部分的谓语应该跟主句的谓语所用形式一致。如：You dont hope that he will fail, do you?6）当陈述句的助动词是时，反意疑问句一般要重复这些助动词。如：7）祈使句的反意疑问句有三种形式：A；Lets 表示第一人称的祈使句，疑问部分用shall，主语用we。如：Lets go for a walk, shall we?B：Let me和Let us表示第二人称的祈使句，疑问部分用will，主语用you。如：Let us go for a walk, will you?C：其他行为动词引起的祈使句，疑问部分用will，主语用you。如：Clean the blackboard, will you?8）感叹句的反意疑问句要用be的一般现在时，对人的感叹主语用he, you等人称代词；对事物的感叹疑问部分一律用否定形式。如：What a charming girl, isnt she?解答反意疑问句这类题型时只要牢记基本句型及上述特殊情况即可。Only when they _ the importance of the plan, will they make up their minds to carry it out.A. realized B. will realize C. will have realized D. have realizedIt was simply for some special reason _ I didnt tell you the truth at that time.A. why B. that C. which D. soI dont think you have got over the serious illness after a rest, _?A. do you B. dont you C. have you D. havent you七、主谓一致语法一致、意义一致、就近原则1。当名词词组中心词为表示度量、时间、价值等复数名词时，往往把这些复数看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.2。如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, half, the last, the rest, the remainder, any, what, who, which等词语时，如所指为单数，谓语动词用单数形式；如所指为复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：A man who thinks only of himself can never be happy./ He is one of those who bow before difficulties.3。如果主语是由“many a, more than + one”的构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍采取单数形式。如：Many a person has had t