高一英语定语从句讲解和习题.doc

定 语 从 句 一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do. 上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法：（that, who, whom, whose, which;）1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (2) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (2) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上1句），又能作宾语（如上2句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which) Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (= whose name) 总结：1 作主语用who, which和that, 2 作宾语用whom, who, which, that,注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 3 作定语用whose 4 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. 一、 典型例题 ( )1、 -Do you know the man _is talking with your father？-Yes， hes our headmaster.A. he B. who C. which D. whom( )2、The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister.A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was( )3、Have you seen the film Titanic _actors are very famous?A who B whose C that D whom( )4、Ann asked the policeman _he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A with him B with whom C who D whom( )5、A child _parents are dead is called an orphan.A which B his C whose D with( )6、This is the reason _ he told me.A、that B、why C、on which D、for that( )7、Do you know the scientist _ gave us a talk just now? A. who B. whom C. which D. whose ( )8、This is the dictionary _ Mum gave me for my birthday. A. which B. what C. whose D. whom ( )9、Shaolin Temple _ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad. A. where B. which C. who D. what ( )10、Do you know the girl _ is standing under the tree? She is my little sister. A. who B. whom C. whose D. which三、课后练习 ( )1. Beijing is the 29th city _ holds the Olympic Games.A. where B. that C. which D. what( )2. Have you read the book _ I gave you yesterday? A. that B. when C. where( )3. The man _ came to our party with a present is my old friend.A. when B. which C. who( )4. I like writers _ write short stories.A. which B. what C. whom D. who( )5. This is the question _ we are talking about now. A. that B. who C. where D. when( )6. What are you looking for? I am looking for the book _ I bought yesterday. A. who B. which C. whose( )7. Jack, there is someone in the office _ would like to speak with you.A. who B. which C. whom ( )8. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _ works hard.A. which B. / C. whom D. who( )9. Many young people prefer the songs _ have great lyrics.A. which B. who C. where D. whom( )10. Even teachers cant understand some expressions _ their students use in daily life. A. whose B. who C. that D. whom( )11. The bridge _ a big ship can go has been built. A. under which B. under that C. in which D. on which ( )12. The book _ is torn is mine. A. the cover of which B. the cover of that C. which the cover D. whose cover of ( )13. He talked about the classmates and the school _ he had visited. A. who B. that C. which D. about which ( )14. You have seen the girl _ sister is a Chinese teacher. A. whom B. of whom C. whose D. of which ( )15. We should do all _ is useful to people. A. / B. that C. it D. which ( )16. We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before. A. which B. in which C. on which D. to which ( )17. Those _ finished doing it put up your hands. A. who have B. who has C. which have D. have ( )19. The man _ was a friend of mine. A. that you just talked to B. whom you just talked to him C. who you just talked to him D. which you just talked to ( )20. I went to the school _ my father once worked. A. that B. which C. where D. on which ( )21. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _has a great effect on my life. A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who ( )22. The weather turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it ( )23. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which ( )24. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _ , of course, made the others unhappy.A. who B. which C. this D. what ( )25. Have you seen the film Titanic, _ leading actor is world famous? A. its B. its C. whose D. which典型例题1B2C3b4b5c6a 7a8a9b10a 课后练习1B2A3D4D 5-9ABADA 10C11解析：考查定语从句随意性关系引导词。基本常识：定语从句随意性关系引导词由搭配介词+which/whom构成，先行词指人用前者，先行词指事/物用后者。定语从句引导词的判断方法为将先行词想方设法放入从句，使从句成为一个完整且有先行词成分的陈述句。 此句中，先行词为the bridge; 从句为a big ship can go, 二者构成的完整句为 A big ship can go under the bridge. 因此， 答案为A12 解析：考查定语从句随意性关系引导词以及所属关系引导词。 此句中先行词为the book, 从句应为cover is torn, 二者构成的完整句为the cover of the book is torn. 因此随意性关系引导词结构为the cover of which或所属关系引导词结构whose cover. 因此，答案为A13解析：考查先行词即指人又指物的定语从句相同意思引导词。定语从句相同意思引导词基本要点，无论限定性还是非限定性定语从句的主宾表引导词均为相同意思引导词。 先行词指事物的情况，用引导词which.此句中，先行词为the classmates and the school， 从句为he had visited, 二者构成的完整句为He had visited the classmates and the school. 所以不难发现先行词在限定性定语从句中作visited的宾语使用，先行词既指人又指物。 因此，答案为B14解析：考查定语从句所属关系引导词。此句先行词为the girl，定语从句为sister is a Chinese teacher，二者构成的完整句为The girls sister is a Chinese teacher. 先行词的s所有格构成的所属关系结构在从句中作定语。因此， 答案只能为C.定语从句固定关系引导词相关要点：先行词在定语从句中除作从句主宾表成分以外的成分，均为相关意思引导词，其中包括固定关系引导词和随意性关系引导词。固定关系引导词只有when(时间关系)，where（地点关系），why(先行词为the reason,原因关系）whose（所属关系，包括s所有格关系和of 所有格关系，由whose修饰的名词成分前不能用冠词成分，whose应为名词的前置性定语成分）；随意性关系引导词为相关搭配介词+which/whom构成的引导词结构充当。15解析：考查限定性定语从句中先行词为不定代词的相同意思引导词。 此句中先行词all为不定代词，从句为is useful to people，从句缺主语， 二者构成的完整句为All is useful to people.为了便于理解，All =All the things/ everything.所以从句的完整句还可以写成Everything is useful to people; 或 All the things are useful to people. 因此，答案为B16解析：考查定语从句随意性关系引导词。此句先行词为a place, 从句为they had never paid a visit before, 二者构成的完整句为They had never paid a visit to the place before. 因此，答案为D。此句的可转换概念进行相同意思引导词的考查，题干为We came to a place _ they had never visited before. 其答案可以为which/that/省略引导词。17解析：考查为指示代词在从句中作主语的指代分析以及引导词的数量。此句中，those为定语从句的先行词，相当于those students/clerks, finished diong it为定语从句成分，从句缺主语以及谓语动词的完成时态助动词。主语指人，用一般引导词who, 引导词数量与先行词一致为复数。 因此， 答案为A19解析：考查完整的定语从句。此句中先行词在从句中作介词宾语，先行词相同意思用引导词充当， 先行词指人。因此，答案为A 20解析：考查定语从句相关意思引导词。此句先行词the school, 定语从句my father once worked,二者构成的完整句o为My father once worked in the school. in the school可以用固定关系引导词中的地点关系引导词where表示, 也可以用随意性关系引导词 in which表示。 因此，答案为C21 解析：前一空考查定语从句相关意思引导词；后一空考查定语从句整句先行词相同意思引导词。前一定语从句的完整句为I lived in the country with the farmers those years. 先行词在从句中作非主宾表成分，先行词与时间相关。后一定语从句的完整句在理解基础上的意思转换为The experience has a great effect on my life. The experience= I lived in the country with the farmers those years。所以为整句先行词在从句中作主语。 因此，答案为B22解析：考查定语从句整句先行词在从句中作主语。非限定性定语从句在意思理解基础上的完整句为This natural phenomenan was more than we could expect. This natural phenomenan= The weather turned out to be very good. 因此，答案为B23 解析：考查定语从句整句先行词在从句中作宾语。 非限定性定语从句的完整句为Personly I doubt that the work would be done by October very much. 因此， 答案为D24解析：考查非限定性定语从句整句先行词在从句中作主语。非限定性定语从句完整句为It made the others unhappy that Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play. It=Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play. 在从句中构成形式主语与真实主语关系。因此，答案为B25 解析：非限定性定语从句引导词考点， 先行词the film，放入从句为The leading actor of the film is world famous, 先行词放入从句为of所有格作后置性定语，用相关意思引导词中的所属关系引导词。 答案为C（二）关系副词的用法：（when, where, why. ）1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如： This is the hotel where they are staying. I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 注：where有时也可以省略。如： This is the place (where) we met yesterday. 3 why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it. (三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 3 when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只 能引导限制性定语从句。 关系副词引导的定语从句练习题 1. What are you looking for? -I am looking for the book _ I bought yesterday. A. who B. which C. whose （ ）2. We know Jackie Chan _ movies are very popular with the young. A. whose B. that C. who D. which （ ）3. Is this university_ your elder brother will choose this year? A. the one B. that C. where （ ）4. Do you know the boy _ is standing under the tree? -Yes. Hes Peter. Hes new in our class. A. where B. what C. who D. whose （ ）5. The house _ we live is not big. A. in that B. which C. in which D. that 6. Do you know the reason _ he didnt come? A. that B. which C. for D. why 7. The room _ windows face south is his. A. that B. which C. whose D. whos 8. The park, _ we visited yesterday, is very nice. A. where B. which C. that D. when 9. The park, _ we met with him, is very nice. A. where B. which C. that D. when 10. The first time _ I saw her was in 1989. A. when B. which C. that D. as （ ）11. Pay attention to all _ I do. A. which B. in which C. what D. that （ ）12. Ive read all the books _ you gave me. A. which B. them C. what D. that 13. Is there anything _ I can do for you? A. what B. which C. that D. it （ ）14. The woman _ child had fallen ill was a doctor. A. who B. her C. whose D. / （ ）15. The pen _ Im using _ is hers. A. which; it B. that; it C. it; / D. / （ ）16. The whole world is fighting against the H1N1, a disease _ has caused many deaths. A. who B. which C. whom D. what （ ）17. Disney is an amusement park _ you can find Disney movies and characters. A. which B. where C. that D. when （ ）18. The young lady _ we met yesterday is our new math teacher. A. what B. whose C. who D. which （ ）19. The skirt _ is made of silk is very expensive. I cant afford it. A. what B. / C. that D. it （ ）20. I like the teacher _ classes are very interesting and creative. A. which B. who C. what D. whose （ ）21. Jack, there is someone in the office _ would like to speak with you. A. who B. which C. whom （ ）22. Shaolin Temple _ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad. A. where B. which C. who D. what （ ）23. We should give love to the children _ lost their parents in the earthquake. A. who B. whom C. those D. which （ ）24. -The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children, isnt it? -Yes, it has built many schools _ those children can study happily. A. where B. when C. which （ ）25. -There are many volunteers _ are helping the children in Sichuan. -And most of them are college students. A. which B. when C. whose D. Who 典型例题 1选B 2选A 3选A 4选C 5选A 6选D 7选D 8选C 9选D 10选D 11选D。考查which引导的定语从句。由表示物的先行词the coat可选出正确答案为D。 12选C。考查关系代词that引导的定语从句。由表示物的先行词the novel可排除A、B二项；另因为关系代词在从句中做主语，所以不能省略，故舍D选C。 13选D。考查关系代词who引导的定语从句。先行词people指人，故正确答案为D。 14选A。考查关系代词who引导的定语从句。由表示人的先行词The girl可先排除D；另由于该空在句中做主语，故舍B、C二项，选A。 15选A。考查关系代词who引导的定语从句。由表示人的先行词the people可排除B、C、D三项，故选A。 课后练习 1选B。考查which引导的定语从句。先行词the book指物，故答案是B。 2选A。考查whose引导的定语从句。由表示人的先行词Jackie Chan可先排除D；另结合题意“我们都知道成龙，他的电影非常受年轻人欢迎”可知填作定语的关系代词，故排除B、C二项，选A。 3选A 4选C。考查who引导的定语从句。由指人的先行词man可直接选C。 5C 6D 7C 8B 9A 10 C 11-15DDDCD 16选B。考查关系代词which引导的定语从句。由表示物的先行词a disease可知要用关系代词which，故排除A、C、D三项，选B。 17选B。考查where引导的定语从句。由表示地点的先行词an amusement park可排除A、C、D三项 18选C。考查关系代词who引导的定语从句。由指人的先行词The young lady可排除A、B、D三项，故选C。 19 选C。考查关系代词that引导的定语从句。先行词skirt指物，故正确答案为C。 20选D。考查关系代词whose引导的定语从句。结合题意“我很喜欢那个老师，他的课非常有趣，非常有创意”可知关系代词在句中作classes的定语，故排除A、B、C三项，选D。 21选A。考查who引导的定语从句。由指人的先行词someone知答案选A。 22选B。考查which引导的定语从句。由指物的先行词Shaolin Temple可选B。 23选A。考查who引导的定语从句。由指人的先行词the children可选A。 24选A。考查where引导的定语从句。由指地点的先行词schools可直接选A。 25选D。考查who引导的定语从句。由题中表示人的先行词volunteers可排除A、B、C三项，所以选D。三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： This is the telegram which he refers to. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如： This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。 另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如： I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother. = I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother. Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you. = Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you. 3两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him. His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一个） His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一个） 4有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如： He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. 注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. （2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常 识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。 （3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如： She stole her friends money, which was disgraceful. He tore up my photo, which upset me. 5在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 【巩固练习】1. Is that the small company you often refer to? Right, just the one _ you know my father used to work for years.A. that B. which C. where D. as2. Where did they fi nish the experiment? It was in the lab _ was taken charge of by Pro