高考英语总复习 语法先行 主谓一致预习学案（含解析）(1).docVIP

主谓一致 【学习目标】 主谓一致的用法。【复习任务】 1.学习重点：三个考点 2.学习难点：考点3【问题导学】 一、主谓一致的种类 1. 语法形式上的一致: 主语单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。 the number of the students present is 200.jane and mary look alike. 2. 意义上一致 1) 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数，如people，police，cattle等 the crowd were shouting. 2） 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics，economics等。 the news was so surprising. 3. 就近原则 : 即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。either your students or mr.wang knows this. 2、 主谓一致的应用 1.名词做主语 1).一般说来，不可数名词及可数名词的单数做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： (1) water is necessary for living things. 水对于生物来说是必须的。 (2) the desk over there is li leis. 那边的那张课桌是李蕾的。 (3) the dog is a useful animal. 狗是一种有用的动物。 2). 表示总称意义的名词people (人们，人民), cattle, police，youth做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如：(1) english people are fond of talking about weather. 英国人喜欢谈论天气。 (2) cattle are farmersfriends. 牛是农民的朋友。3).主语是：public, board, family, class, team, group, crowd, audience, company, crew, committee, enemy, government, herd, jury, party等名词时，如果是作为整体的，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。如：如： (1) our class is made up of fifty students. 我们班有五十个学生组成。 (2) our class are working very hard. 我们班学习都很努力。 (3) his team is very strong. 他们队很强大。 (4) his team are talking with the coach. 他们队在跟教练谈话。 4).主语是：时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语，即使是复数，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) three years passes quickly. 三年很快过去了。 (2) two meters is not long enough. 两米不够长。 5).主语是：news, politics, physics, plastics, mathematics等名词虽然以s结尾，但谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) physics is very interesting and useful. 物理既很有趣也很有用。 (2) plastics is widely used in our daily life. 塑料在日常生活中被广泛地应用。 6).主语若是书名，剧名、报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) the arabian nights is very interesting. 一千零一夜很有趣。 (2) the new york times is popular in america. 纽约时报在美国很受欢迎。 7). 在算式里，主语是数词时，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如： (1) three and five is eight. 三加五等于八。 (2) twelve divided by six is two. 十二除以六等于二。8). 名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：the doctors is across the street.诊所在街道的对面。 my uncles is not far from here.我叔叔家离这儿不远。 常见的省略名词有the bakers，the barbers，the carpenters，the zhangs等。 表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如： richardsons have a lot of goods to sell.理查德店有很多货物要卖。 9)不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.孩子们都想去看电影。 10).如果主语有more than one.或many a.构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：more than one student has read the book. 很多学生读过这本书。 但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如： more members than one are against your plan. 许多成员反对你的计划。11) .主语是一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时：clothes, compasses, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves,chopsticks，等名时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：(1) the trousers are not expensive. 这条裤子不贵。 your socks are over there. 你的袜子在那边。 但如果主语用“a kind of，a pair of ，a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：a pair of shoes was on the desk.桌子上有一双鞋。 12).this kind of book=a book of this kind（这种书），其谓语动词用单数；短语this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：this kind of men is dangerous.这一种人很危险。men of this kind are dangerous.这种类型的人很危险。 13).复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），chinese，japanese等。如： the (this) glass works was set up in 1980. 这家玻璃厂建于1980年。 the（these）glass works are near the railway station.这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。 当它们前面有a,such a ，this，that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all，such，these，those修饰时，谓语用复数；但means，no means，the means等词前没有以上修饰词时，可用作单数，也可用作复数。 14)如果名词词组中心词是all，most，half，rest等词语，所指的复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。如：all of my classmates like music.我的同学都喜欢音乐。 all of the water is gone.所有的水都没了。 15)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如： between the two windows hangs a picture.两窗户间挂着一幅画。 16）.主语是：a lot of, lots of, plenty of，half of, a large quantity of分数或百分比of +名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照名词的数而确定。如： (1) a lot of people have taken part in the activity. 很多人参加了这次活动。 (2) lots of water is lost. 大量的水被流失了。 17).主语是： kind of, type of, pair of, amount of, quantity of + 名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照kind, type, amount, pair, quantity的数而确定。如：(1) this pair of trousers was made by master li. 这条裤子是李师傅做的。(2) a large quantity of water in the sea has been polluted. 这个海里大量的水被污染了。 (3) large quantities of rice have been destroyed in the flood. 大量的庄稼在洪水中被毁坏了。 18). 主语是：the number of + 名词的复数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： the number of students in our class is seventy-eight. 我们班的学生数是七十八。 19)主语是：a number of + 名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如： a number of students of our school come from the countryside. 我们学校很多学生来自农村。 20) 主语是：the population时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： (1) what is the population of your town? 你们镇的人口多少？(2) the population of america is a little over two hundred million. 美国人口数大约是两亿多一点。 .21).主语是：分数 + population时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：(1) about eighty percent of the population in our country are farmers.我国约有百分之八十的人口是农民。 2. 两个或两个以上的名词连在一起做主语 (一) and, both.and 连接名词或代词做主语a谓语一般用复数形式。如： (1) li lei and liu mei are both interested in english. 李蕾和魏方都对英语感兴趣。 (2) he and she are good friends. 他跟她是好朋友。 band 连接的两个成对的名词，如fork and knife, bread and butter；soda and water； coffee and water；aim and end；salt and water等，虽有and 连接，但仍表示单一的概念，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) where is your fork and knife? 你的刀叉在哪儿？ (2) is the bread and butter enough for you two? 你们两人吃这一点面包和黄油够了吗？ cand 连接的两个名词若是指同一个人, 即： and前的名词前有冠词,而and后面的名词前没有冠词。谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如： im told that the monitor and league secretary is ill today. 我听说班长兼团支书今天病了。 dand所连接的连个名词前分别有: every, each, no, many a等修饰时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) every boy and every girl enjoys themselves in the school. 在学校，每个男孩和女孩都玩得挺开心。 (2) many a teacher and many a student has spoken at the meeting. 在会上，很多老师和学生发了言。 (2) 主语是：连接词or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, notbut, not onlybut also等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词的形式须跟与之最接近的名词或代词决定。如： (1) neither he nor you are to blame. 他和你都不应该受责备。 (2) is neither he nor you to blame? 他和你都不应该受责备吗？ (3) 主语是：介词in, out of, with, except, besides, without, as well as, as much as，no less than, rather than, more than, but, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to.等所连接的两个名词时，谓语动词的形式应与这些词前面的名词的数保持一致。如： (1) at the meeting, one in four is against the decision. 会上由四分之一的人反对这一决议。 (2) the teacher with his students is discussing a question. 老师和学生们在讨论问题。 (4) one and a half + 名词复数做主语，即名词超过一，但不满二时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：one and a half oranges is enough for the baby. 这个孩子有一个半桔子就够了。 (5) many a + 名词单数；more than one + 名词单数；a + 名词单数 + or two等做句子的主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式如(1) many a student is interested in english grammar. 很多学生对英语语法感兴趣。 (2) a worker or two is going to be sent to work abroad. 一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。 (6) one or two +名词复数做句子的主语时，谓语动词第三人称复数形式。如： one or two spelling mistakes have been found in your composition. 在你的作文中发现了一两个拼写错误 3.代词作主语1)主语是he, she, it, either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anything, anyone, something, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等代词时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) somebody is asking for you. 有人在找你。 (2) everyone is here. 大家都来了。 (3) there is something wrong with my bike. 没有的单车有点毛病。 2)名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：ours (our party) is a great party.我们的党是个伟大的党。 3)such，the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如： such is our plan.such are his words.那就是我们的计划。那就是他的话。 4)关系代词who，that，which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：who want to go please put up your hands.想去的请举手。 some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。 5).疑问代词who，what，which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如：who lives next door? it is xiao liu.谁住在隔壁？是小刘。 what produce(s) heat? 什么产生热量？ 6).不定代词any，either，neither，none，all，some，more等作主语时，有以下两种情况： 单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词用单数或复数形式，例如： now all has been changed.现在一切都改变了。 all are present.所有人都到场了。 either，neither单独作主语时，谓语通常用单数。但后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词当然用单数形式，若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数，在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。如：do(es) any of you know his address? 你们当中有谁知道他的地址吗？ none of them has (have) seen the film.他们当中没人看过这部电影。 4. the + 形容词做主语 a 如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数，这类词有the brave，the poor，the rich，the blind，the young，the old，the sick，the dead，the deaf and dumb，the oppressed，the injured，the wounded，the unemployed等如： (1) the poor were usually looked down upon by the rich. 过去，穷人常被富人瞧不起。 the wounded have been taken good care of in the hospital. 伤员在医院受到了很好的照护。但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。如：the blind study in special schools.盲人在特殊的学校学习。bthe + 形容词指抽象概念做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如： the decayed has been thrown away. 腐烂的东西已经被扔掉了。 5.主语是句子、短语 a 主语是非谓语动词短语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： (1) reading is of much help for learning a language. 阅读对学语言很有帮助。 (2) to keep on doing morning exercises is good. (= it is good to keep on doing morning exercises. ) 坚持做早操很有好处。 b主语是从句时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，如： (1) why he was absent yesterday is being questioned. 他昨天为什么没来正在询问之中。 (2) where we can get so much money is still a problem. 我们到哪里去弄这么多钱还是个问题。 但what，who引导的从句做主语时，当指具体的东西或人时，谓语动词的形式必须根据具体的意思而定。如： what i want are these things. c在强调句型“it + be + 被强调的部分 + that / who ”中，be总是用单数形式；that / who后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。如： (1) it was lin tao who called you just now. 刚才给你打电话的就是林涛。 (2) it is you that are going to be invited to the party. 只有你将被邀请去参加聚会。 d定语从句中谓语动词的形式必须跟先行词的单、复数形式保持一致。如： (1) the girl who is speaking on the stage is zhang lis sister. 在台上讲话的那个女孩是张力的姐姐。 (2) the children that are playing games over there are from hunan. 在那边做游戏的孩子们是湖南人。 注意：在“one of + 名词复数 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用第三人称复数形式，但当one前面有the, the very, the less, the only或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，如： (1) li lei is one of the students who are good at english. 李蕾是英语学得好的学生之一。 (2) alice is the only one of the girls that is from america. 艾利斯是唯一的一个来美国的女孩。 ethere be结构中be动词的形式由紧接近be后面的名词的形式所决定。如： (1) there is a teacher and seventy students in the classroom. 教室里有一个老师和七十个学生。 (2) there are seventy students and a teacher in the classroom. 教室里有七十个学生和一个老师。 f在某些虚拟语气的句子中，无论主语是谁，be动词总是为were的形式。如： (1) if i were a bird, i would fly in the sky freely. 要是我是一只鸟，我将自由自在地在天空飞翔。 (2) if he were here, i would talk to him face to face. 如果他在这里，我将面对面地跟他谈。三考点诠释 考点1 名词作主语时的主谓一致 : 主要把握好名词作主语时，谓语动词与主语的单复数须保持一致。 1单复数同形的名词作主语，其谓语动词应根据具体内容决定单复数。如： every means has been tried每种方法都试过了。 these means are out of date这些方法是过时的。 2 具体的距离、时间、金钱、度量、温度、书名等作主语，其内容可作整体概念，故谓语动词用单数。如：three days is not enough to finish the work要完成那项工作三天的时间是不够的。 3 不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语，其内容是整体概念，故谓语动词仍用单数。如： each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future每个男孩和女孩都想在未来为人民服务。 4由两个相同部分组成的一个整体名词作主语，其内容是复数的，谓语动词用复数，此类词有glasses，trousers，shoes，scissors，clothes，compasses，chopsticks等。但若此类词被“a kind/pair of”修饰，则其内容是单数的，谓语动词用单 数。如：look!the shoes are under the bed看!鞋子在床底下。 look i this pair of shoes is under the bed看!这双鞋在床底下。 5 含all，most，half，rest等的名词词组作主语，所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数；反之，用单数。如：all of my classmates work hard我所有的同学学习都很努力。 all of the water is up now现在所有的水都用光了。 6 在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如： between the two windows hangs a picture在两扇窗子之间挂着一幅画。 归纳拓展(1)不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应看做单数，谓语动词用单数。如： reading often means learning读书常意味着学习。 to read english aloud every morning does you a lot of good每天早晨大声朗读英语对你有许多好处。 what he said has been recorded他说的话已被录音了。 (2) 某些集体名词(如family，team等)作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如： the whole family are watching tv一家人都在看电视。 his family was very poor when he was a child他小时候家里很穷。 the population in china is very large，and eighty percent of the population in china are farmers中国人口众多，并且80的人口都是农民。 考点2含有连接词的主谓一致: 指对主语起连接作用的词会影响主语与谓语动词的一致关系。 1 用and或bothand连接并列主语，其内容是复数的，谓语动词用复数。若and连接的两个单数主语指同一个人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。如： the teacher and writer has already come to the meeting这位教师兼作家已来开会了。 both my brother and my sister are workers我的哥哥和姐姐都是工人。2 主语后面接连接性短语时，这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系，即谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than， together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等。如： your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me你姐姐和你父母一样，对我很好。 she，like you and betty，is very clever像你和betty一样，她也很聪明。 3 以or，either一or，neithernor，not onlybut also等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数应与就近的名词或代词一致。如： was he or you in the next room just now？刚才是他还是你在隔壁房间? are not only you but also he wrong?不仅你错了，而且他也错了吗? 考点3 不定量词修饰名词作主语时的主谓一致: 指不同的不定量词修饰名词作主语时，其谓语动词也将随之变化，与主语保持一致。 1 a(great)number of，many，a few修饰可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如： a number of students like english very much许多学生都非常喜欢英语。 many bananas are in the basket这个篮子里有许多香蕉。 2 a little，much，a great deal of，a large amount of修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如： much information has been written down大量的信息已被写下了。 3 (1arge)quantities of修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。如： there are large quantities of food in the shop商店里有大量的食物。 4 the number of+复数名词，the amount of+不可数名词，the quantity of+可数名词复数/不可数名词等构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：the amount of money is great钱很多。 5 this kind of+名词单数，名词单数+of this kind，this kind of+名词复数等结构作主语时，其内容是单数的，谓语动词也用单数。如：this kind of animals is dangerous这种动物很危险。 6 these kinds of+名词复数，名词复数+of this kind等结构作主语时，其内容是复数的，谓语动词用复数。如： these kinds of things are produced and sold by many different companies in the u.s美国许多不同的公司生产和出售这些产品。 7 基数词单纯表示数字作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，但当基数词表示的不是数字而是数量时，谓语动词可用复数。由此可推断出，分数或百分数作主语时，其谓语动词的形式取决于分数或百分数所指的具体含义。如：a billion is a large number十亿是个大数目。 there are 23 students，but only onethird aye boys有23个学生，但只有1/3是男生。 8 many a+名词单数，more than one+名词单数，a/an+名词单数+or two/and a half等作主语时，尽管是复数意义，但谓语动词多用单数。如：many a student has passed the exam许多学生都通过了考试。 more than one question was raised不止一个问题被提出来。 9 one and a half+名词复数，one or two+名词复数，more+名词复数+than one等结构作主语时，谓语动词多用复数。如：one and a half apples aye left on the table一个半苹果剩在桌上。 one or two reasons were suggested有人提出了一两个理由。当堂检测：1. the old _well looked after by the government in china. a. is b. are c. has been d. was 2. the secretary and manager _very busy now. a. is b. are c. was d. were 3. both the secretary and the manager _agreed to attend the meeting. a. has b. have c. are d. was 4. tom as well as two of his classmates _invited to the party. a. was b. were c. have been d. had been 5. either you or i _going to the teachers office after class. a. am b. is c. are d. will 6. most of his spare time _spent in reading. a. are b. were c. was d. have been 7. this is one of the best novels that _appeared this year. a.have been b. has c. had been d. have 8. ten thousand dollars _quite a large sum. a.are b. is c. were d. have 9. about 20 percent of the work _done yesterday. a. are b. is c. were d . was 10. mr smith， together with his children， _arrived. a.are b. has c. is d. have 11. it _i who _leaving for london. a.isis b. amis c. isam d. amam 12. not only tom but also his wife _fond of watching television. a. are b. were c. be d. is 13. when and where to build the new factory _yet. a. is not decided b. are not decided c. has not decided d. have not decided 14. although the first part of the book is easy， the rest _. a. are difficult b. has proved difficult c. is supposed difficult d. have been found difficult 15. that they were wrong in these matters _ now clear to us all. a. is b. was c. are d. were 16. half of his goods _ stolen the other day. a. are b. were c. is d. was 17. mathematics _the language of science. a. are b. are going to be c. is d. is to be 18. each of the students _ a chinese-english dictionary. a. have b. has c. there is d. there are 19. they each _ a beautiful handkerchief. a. have b. has c. there is d. there are 20. between the two rows of trees _the teaching building. a. stand b. stands c. standing d. are 21. this pair of shoes _made in nanjing. a.is b. are c. have been d. had been 22. no one except my parents _anything about it. a. know b. knows c. is knowing d. have known 23. a number of students _from the south. a. are b. is c. have d. ha