20072008学年度硕士研究生实验针灸学学期考试.doc

20072008学年度硕士研究生实验针灸学学期考试标准答案（B卷）一、简答题Short Answer Questions1、实验针灸科研选题的原则有哪些？What are the principles of choosing experimental research topics on acupuncture?（1）需求性 实验针灸学选题必须从国家经济建设和社会发展的需求出发，面向临床、面向生产、面向现代化，要针对当前及今后一段时间内对社会、经济和卫生事业发展有重大影响的关键问题开展重点研究。Demands choosing acupuncture experiment subjects should consider the countrys economic construction and social development needs,for clinical, the production, modernization, carry out research on key issues impact on the social, economic and health development current and in a period of time in future.（2）创新性 创新是科研的灵魂，也是科研选题应当遵循的一条基本原则。创新的研究课题，是前人没有认识以及没有完全解决的问题，因而具有先进性和新颖性。Creativity It is the soul for scientific research and as well a basic principle to choose research subjects. Innovative research subjects are problems not the aware of by predecessors, as well as not been completely resolved, and so they are advanced and innovative.（3）科学性 选题应来源于临床实践，有客观事实或合乎逻辑推理的科学理论根据。Scientificity topics should be derived from the clinical practice, have objective facts or scientific theories based on logical reasoning.（4）可行性 是指选题实施的可能性，即是否具备实施的条件。包括是否具备开展本项研究的工作经验和研究能力，是否具备相关的前期工作基础，是否具备相关的基本工作条件，课题组成员年龄层次、知识结构是否恰当，所需资金预算是否合理等。Feasibility refers to the possibility of implementation, that is, whether there are conditions ,including work experience and research capabilities to carry out the study, the related preparatory work basis , the basic working conditions, members age group level, the adequacy of the knowledge structure, reasonablity of the required funds budget.2、科研项目立题时题目内容应该反应哪三个要素，并举例说明之？What are the three main elements the topic should represent when the research subject is being settled? please give some examples.答：处理因素、研究对象及效应结果这三个主要环节及它们之间的联系。要求题目简明、具体、新颖、醒目例如：电针 对 关节炎大鼠 免疫功能 的影响。 处理因素 研究对象 效应结果Answer : deal with the three major aspects of factors,objects, the effect and the links between them. The subject should be concise, specific, innovative, eye-catching.For example: power for arthritis Immune Function in Rats.deal with factors research objects outcome of the study4、简述对照的作用和方法。Outlined the role and methods of contrast.对照指的是在调查研究或实验研究的过程中，确立可供相互比较的组别。对照的主要作用正是鉴别处理因素与非处理因素的差异，从而确认处理因素的真实效应。合理均衡的对照可使组间的非研究件措施处于相等状态。使组间基线特征具有均衡性或可比性，从而提高结论的真实性。Control refers to the comparison group for each other during the process of investigation or experiment. The main function of the contrast is to identify factors and differences in non-processing factors in order to confirm the real effect of processing factors. Reasonable balance between the control group will enable non-research pieces of measures in the same state. So that the baseline characteristics of groups or comparable have the equilibrium, thereby enhancing the authenticity of the conclusions. 对照的方法：空白对照：指在对照组不加任何处理的“空白”条件下进行观察、研究。实验对照：指在一定实验条件下所进行的观察、对比。标准对照：以正常值或标准值作为对照，以及在所谓标准条件下进行观察的对照。自身对照：如用药或针刺前后的自身对比观察，或是对照与实验在同一对象身上进行。相互对照：各实验组互为对照组。配对对照：根据研究目的，把对实验结果(或效应指标)有影响的有关条件(如年龄、性别、病情、病程等)相近似的研究对象配成对子，再把每一对子中的研究对象随机地分配到各比较组中去。历史对照：又称文献对照或回顾对照，是以本人或他人过去的研究结果与本次研究结果作比较。安慰对照：是空白对照的特殊类型，目的在于克服对照组病人由于心理因素所造成的偏倚Contrast methods: blank contrast: refers to the observation and research the contrast group under the conditions of blank,that is without any treatment. experimental contrast: observation and comparison. carried out under the conditions of a certain experiments standard contrast: take the normal or standard values as standards, as well as observe under the so-called standard conditions. self-contrast: such as comparison and observation on own when medication or acupuncture before and after, or contrast and experiment carried out on the same subjects. mutual control: each experimental group as the control group. matching control: According to research purposes, match the conditions (such as age, sex, illness, disease, etc.)that will affect the results (or effects of indicators) and the similar study to pairs, and then assigned each pair of study randomly to the comparison group. historical control: Literature, also known as the contrast or the recall , compare. past results by oneself or other person and the results of this study. comfort control: It is a special type of blank contastl ,aimed at overcoming the bias caused by psychological factors of patients in contrast group.二、论述题Essays1、实验针灸科研选题的种类有哪些，有何联系？What are the types of experimental acupuncture research subjects, what are their link?（1）基础研究 以增加科学技术知识，解决未知领域的理论问题为目的，探索在中医针灸领域中带有全局性的一般规律的科学研究。Basic research in order to increase scientific and technological knowledge , address the theory issue of uncharted territory, to explore the scientific research with overall nature and the general rules in the field of traditional Chinese medicine with acupuncture.（2）应用研究 以应用为目的，针对中医针灸实践中的某一具体问题进行研究并提出解决问题的方案、方法。Applied research for the purpose of applying, research and put forward solutions to the problem, methods for some critical issue during acupuncture practice. （3）开发研究 以物化研究为目的，运用基础研究和应用研究的成果，研制出产品，或对产品进行技术工艺改进的创造性研究。 development and research for Physico-chemical , use basic research and applied research results to development products, or do creative research on products improvement on technologies.以上三类研究选题虽然不同，但在科研实践中却有密切联系，基础研究为应用研究和开发研究提供理论支持，而应用研究为基础研究提供素材和思路，开发研究又是应用研究的拓展和延伸，同时又为基础研究和应用研究提供了资金：前二类研究以社会效益为主，而开发研究则以经济效益为先。Although the three types of research subjects above are different, they are closely linked in scientific research practice.Basic research provides theoretical support for applied research and development research, while applied