考研强化写作讲义20118.doc

考研强化班写作讲义第一节 总体介绍一 比重及时间分配30% 40分钟完成小作文：15分钟大作文： 25分钟二考研写作大纲要求（一）评价目标：考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：1） 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；2） 遵循文章的特定文体格式；3） 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；4） 根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。（二）考试内容：该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分10分。B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。（三）评分原则和方法：1、虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节的不同考查要点，评分是会有不同的侧重点。A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有13分的调节分。3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。5、如书写较差，以致影响读者理解，将分数降低一个档次。大作文一高分作文标准大纲解读：1._2._3._l 练习： beneficial _, great pressure _, popular _,traffic jams _, necessary _, face _,be likely to _, strengthen _, issue _.二语言高分要求： 1._2._l 练习：假冒伪劣产品：fake and inferior product孔子学院：Confucius institute富二代官二代：贫穷的地区： 毕业生从未遇到过如此大的就业压力。_事业有成的人在旁人看来总能轻松战胜生活中的挫折。_素质教育理念应该根植人心。_三时间安排：25mins1._2._3. _四文章结构：1. 第一段_2. 第二段_3. 第三段_l 练习： 就像图中生动地描述那样，_这幅漫画想要传递的是，_对于这种不好的现象，我有两个建议如下。_如果不能有效遏制这种不良现象，我们将自食其果。_只有通过多方努力，我们才能最终有效解决这个问题。_五六大论证方法 1._2._3._4._5._6._第二节 万能素材归类-八大盾牌观点1 经济发展 Economic development教育投资，创新，网络普及，欺诈，老龄化 可用词汇： sustainable development of economy老龄化问题_innovation _ of internet网络欺诈_ boost production upgrade technical level保障消费者的利益_ stimulate _ the price is soaringblock economic growth 不择手段_2. 稳定和谐 Social stability and harmony 孝顺，贫富差距，老龄化，贪污腐败，豆腐渣工程 可用词汇： filial piety, wealth gap, 不稳定_, official corruption, take bribes, 食品安全_, jerry-built project, 稳定物价_, fake and inferior products, 道德与良心_, (un)sound social security system, 法制意识_, crimeunemployment rate, pension3.个人发展 Personal development and growth现代沟通方式（网络），合作，团队精神， 挫商，自信，换位思考， 可用词汇： 人际关系_, cooperation, team-work spirit, 诚信_, improve efficiency, 利己主义_, self-depreciation discipline centeredness, EQ, 同理心_, perseverance, independence, mature, 取长补短_, hesitate and shrink from adversity4. 身心健康 Physical and mental health减压，好的生活习惯，旅游，溺爱小孩，素质教育 可用词汇： 释放压力_, good living habits, spoil children, balanced diet, suffer from 失眠症_ 肥胖症_ heart attack 与吸烟相关的疾病_, fatal disease, quality education, regular exercise, ease ones mood, 寻求专业帮助 _, relax oneself, keep peaceful positive state of mind5. 就业压力Employment and pressure exorbitant stress考证热，考研热，考公务员热，出国留学， 文凭，啃老族，蚁族, 宅一族 可用词汇： fever for sth, diploma, 证书_, ant tribe, degree, qualification, 啃老族_, promising future, 公务员_, create adequate job opportunities, 好高骛远_, 真才实学_, lay a solid foundation for, 核心竞争力_, concentrate on study, 人才_, make full and proper use of precious time, 开阔视野_, 增长知识_, 磨练意志_, at any cost, at the cost of, 6. 成功幸福Success and happiness帮助他人，追求名利，双赢，家庭与事业 可用词汇： mutual benefit, double win, 自我满足_, pursue fame and wealth, 高贵的社会地位_, decent job, high achiever, multidimensional, 成就感_, guarantee, 价值观的扭曲_, moneyinterest-oriented , 资助他人_, charity, donation, donate blood, offer help voluntarily7. 文化融合Cultural blending, 文化火锅，孔子学院，过洋节，交换学生 可用词汇： globalization, enhance mutual understanding, Chinese traditional medicine, cupping, Chinese literature classics, accelerate world peace, facilitate cultural interchange, reserve culture heritage, push coexistence of diverse culture, culture shock, celebrate western festivals8. 环境生态Environmental and ecological protection城市化，工业化，资源有限，低碳生活 可用词汇： Urbanizationlimited resource and energy preserve rare and endangered species Deterioration of environment disposable productsDeforestation cause severe soil erosion and desertificationOptimize the environment industrialization eco-tour第三节 大作文分类详解1. 个人成长成功：梦想，策略，努力，坚持情商：抗挫折，抗打击，为人处世创新：突破思维定势成才：学位和学问As the cartoon vividly depicts, a man is chasing a degree hastily and desperately in spite of the real knowledge and wisdom. He runs so fast with an aim of getting a degree and thus being an official that the book of real knowledge cannot catch up with him even with much sweatThe cartoon is really _, which reveals the current _ trend that people are _ for their determined career regardless of _. Careful deliberation of this phenomenon has illuminated me on why this should be so. With the background of fierce competition, a valid and comparatively higher degree especially from a prestigious university may guarantee a decent job, or at least act as an _ for a satisfactory job. But if the trend keeps _, the individuals as well as the whole society _ be influenced _ because the graduates with no solid foundation in expertise are not able to undertake the related jobs, which may be detrimental to the companies. From my perspective, when one is pursuing a degree, he must concentrate on the learning itself and cultivate his personality during the process. Only being equipped with genuine talent and desirable character, can ones future be guaranteed veritably.2. 人与人，人与社会诚信：商业，学术，人际交往 竞争压力, 求职无所“食”从 人口老龄化 双赢Just as the picture vividly depicts, there are so many headaches or desires that the man has to bear or to seek. Every day we jump out of bed with the earsplitting ring of the alarm clock, swallow a quick breakfast and then rush to catch the bus. When arriving at the workplace, we have to work every minute to its full value until we drag home and throw ourselves deep into the sofa. The fast pace of modem life do bring us _ pressure.The first _ is competition. Nowadays, many people, the strongly career minded ones in particular, are involved in a fierce competition for money, ranks, and fame. In the rat race, they try every means to stay on the top, and the fear to lose the game inevitably wrecks their peace of mind. The second one is unhappy interpersonal relationships. Some people feel _ when dealing with things concerning relatives, friends and colleagues. As a result, they cant make themselves part of a group or live in harmony with others, and the loneliness greatly distresses them. How can we adapt ourselves to the stress then? Above all, we should develop a positive attitude towards competition. That is, competition is not the _ goal of life, but a driving force that _ us to fulfill our dreams and to realize our personal values. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of developing a schedule which includes enough time for rest and other important values. 3.人与自然低碳生活节能环保保护动物As we can see above, numerous people are _on earth, but the sources are extremely limited, which demonstrates serious unbalance between demands and supplies. The drawing _ alarm us that resources on earth are far from enough to sustain our exploding population.It goes without saying that this message is rather reliable. The 20th century has not only witnessed a huge hike in population, but also the _ of crises resulting from fighting for restricted resources. Take crude oil for example, it is so immensely consumed in daily life and industrial production that its role is fundamental in todays global economic and political stage. People of different nations even initiate wars to obtain more oil fields, an activity which can be best exemplified by the complicated scenario in the Middle East. Other examples include more disputes over the sharing of water resources, as well as the lack of food and other necessities in most African countries.Indeed, a large population with limited resources _ mankinds future existence in this planet. Therefore, it is _ time that we took positive steps with the strength of all human beings to hold back this grim tendency. Evidently, _ development needs a population with a reasonable exploitation of natural resources. 第四节 经典引用1. 好酒不怕巷子深。2. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。3. 穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。4. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。5. 塞翁失马，焉知非福。6. Great works are performed not by strength but by perseverance.7. Constant dropping wears the stone.8. Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain. 9. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.10. Good company on the road is the shortest cut.11. Misfortunes never come alone/single12. Storms make trees take deeper roots.13. Do not , for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist) 不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)15. Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet . (Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker) 忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。 (法国思想家 卢梭. J. J.)16. Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity . (Richard Nixon, American President ) 命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。(美国总统 尼克松 . R.)17. I have nothing to offer but blood , toil tears and sweat . (Winston Churchill, British Politician) 我所能奉献的没有其它，只有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。(英国政治家 丘吉尔 . W.)18. Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears.(Benjamin Franklin , American president) 懒惰像生锈一样，比操劳更能消耗身体。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.)19. All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend .(Voltaire , French thinker) 人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。 (法国思想家 伏尔泰)20. Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be .(Abraham Lincoln ,American president ) 对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。(美国总统 林肯. A.)21. To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune .(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor ) 要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。 (法国皇帝 拿破仑. B .)22. At twenty years of age , the will reigns; at thirty , the wit ; and at forty , the judgment .(Benjamin Franklin ,American president) 二十岁时起支配作用的是意志,三十岁时是机智,四十岁时是判断。(美国总统 富兰克林 . B.)23. The golden age is before us , not behind us . (Mark Twain , American writer ) 黄金时代在我们面前而不在我们背后。( 美国作家 马克吐温)24. The time of life is short ; to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist ) 人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.) 25. If you dont learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor ) 如果你年轻时就没有学会思考，那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)26. The empty vessels make the greatest sound . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist ) 满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)27. Activity is the only road to knowledge . (George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist) 行动是通往知识的唯一道路 。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)28. Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher) 与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)29. A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm. (C. M. Schwab) 只要有无限的热情，一个人几乎可以在任何事情上取得成功。（施瓦布）30. Choose a life of action, not one of ostentation. ( C. Nepos) 要选择行动的一生，而不是炫耀的一生。（内波斯）31. Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness. (Strong) 与其诅咒黑暗，不如燃起蜡烛。（斯特郎）32. The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but what they miss. ( T. Carlyle ) 生活的悲剧不在于人们受到多少苦，而在于人们错过了什么。（卡莱尔）33. The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved. |( V. Hugo ) 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。（雨果）34. Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. ( A. Einstein ) 不要为成功而努力，要为作一个有价值的人而努力。（爱因斯坦）35. It is not enough to be industrious, so are the ants. What are you industrious about?( H.D. Thoreau) 光勤劳是不够的，蚂蚁也是勤劳的。要看你为什么而勤劳。（梭罗）36. Something attempted, something done. ( Longfellow ) 有所尝试，就等于有所作为。（朗费罗）37. Man can climb to the highest summit, but he cannot dwell there long. ( Bernard Shaw ) 人可以爬到最高峰，但他不能在那儿久住。（萧伯纳）38. Optimist: A man who gets treed by a lion but enjoys the scenery. ( W. Winchell ) 乐观主义者：被狮子逼上了树但仍能欣赏风景的人。（温切尔）39. Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. ( W. Durant ) 教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。（杜兰特）40. In education we are striving not to teach youth to make a living, but to make a life. ( W. A. White ) 教育不是为了教会青年人谋生，而是教会他们创造生活。（怀特）41. All good things are cheap, all bad things are very dear. ( H. D. Thoreau ) 一切好的东西都是便宜的，所有坏的东西都是非常贵的。（梭罗）42. The most exhausting thing in life is being insincere. ( A. M. Lindbergh ) 生活中最使人筋疲力尽的事是弄虚作假。（林德伯格）43. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. (Hemingway Ernest) 一个人可以被摧毁，但不能被击败。（海明威 E）44. Self-conquest is the greatest of victories. (Plato) 征服自我是胜利中最大的胜利。（柏拉图）45. Knowledge is the antidote of fear. (Emerson, Ralph Waldo) 知识是治疗恐惧的药。（爱默生）46. Because friendships enhance our lives, it is important to cultivate them. （Robert Louis Stevenson, British novelist and poet） 培植友谊十分重要，因为友谊能提高生活的价值。 （英国小说家、诗人 史蒂文森 .R.L.）47. Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health. （Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker） 友谊既是快乐之源泉，又是健康之要素。 （美国思想家 爱默生.R.W.）48. Among a people general corrupt, liberty cannot long exist. （Edmond Burke, British statesman） 在一个普遍腐败的民族里，自由不可能长期存在。 （英国政治家 伯克 .E.）49. It is better to live rich than to die rich. （Samuel Johnson, British writer） 与其在死时后中握着一大把钱，还不如活着的时候活得丰富多采。 （英国作家约翰逊.S.） 50. Beauty is like a rich stone, best plain set. （Francis Bacon, Btitish Philosopher） 美貌就像宝石，不用装饰最好。 （英国哲学家 培根.F.）第五节 小作文一 小作文分类1. 书信2. 备忘录3. 告示4. 摘要二 小作文分类模板一书信格式：（一）称呼1、题目无人名：Dear Sir or Madam, 2、题目有人名：Dear人名,（二）正文：3段、7句、100120词、35关联词、35从句 1、第一段：12句1）自我介绍（1）I am a staff member from your company/corporation. I am a staff member from Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd.（2）I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University. 2）写作目的：（1）I am writing the letter in purpose of resigning from my current post/position.（2）I am writing to inform you that I wish to request if you could help me find a potential beneficiary of the Project Hope. 2、第二段：3-6句 1）改写提纲一：1句 2）改写提纲二：1句 3）改写提纲三：1句3、第三段1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）（1） My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words. （2） Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you. （3） I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.2）期待回信（1）I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. （2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. （3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.（三）落款1、结尾客套：Yours sincerely, 2、签名：Li Ming二、其他应用文： （一）告示： Directions:The Students Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:1) The purpose of the contest,2) Time and place of the contest,3) What is required of the candidates，4) Details of the judges and awards.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.NoticeTo improve students ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest at the Students Auditorium on Saturday next week (26 January). Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.The Students Union（二）备忘录/报告：Directions: You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employees training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 20, 2008To：Percy Shelley, Vice PresidentFrom：Li Ming, PresidentSubject：Computer Training of the StaffAs we discussed