非谓语动词综合讲解.doc

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1不定式和动名词作主语 -Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) -It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) -Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) -It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2不定式、动名词和分词作表语(1)不定式作表语 -To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。 -What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 -To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 -To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。 -His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 -The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 -Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。 -His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。 (注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同(3)分词作表语 interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的 -Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 -The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 -The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。 -They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 (1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 对中学生来说，这的确是一个比较复杂的问题。在英语中，介词宾语常用动名词， 不用不定式。而动词宾语，有时用动名词，有时用不定式，有时用动名词和不定式意义变化不大，有时意义却相差甚远。一、 下列动词只能接不定式作（直接）宾语：hope, wish, want, ask, help, refuse, learn, demand, care, choose, arrange, expect, decide, agree, plan, promise, offer, mange, pretend, prepare, elect, fail, long, determine，desire.等，如：-They all agreed to start off early in order to catch the first bus. In spite of the difficulties, we managed to finish the work ahead of time. We expect to be back on Sunday. He chose(decided) to stay where he was. Im longing (desiring)to see you. 二、下列动词只能按动词名词 作（直接）宾语： appreciate, delay, admit, suggest, keep, prevent, miss, risk, escape, imagine, enjoy, consider, avoid, finish, mind, fancy, practise, advise, pardon, excuse, give up ,keep on, put off, cant help, leave off, feel like, cant stand 等。如：- I cant fancy (imagine) his doing such a thing. - You can hardly avoid (get away from, escape)meeting her if you both work in the same office. - I have admitted having done wrong. -I dont feel like eating a meal now.注意下列短语后也只能接动名词作（直接）宾语：set about (to start doing or dealing with something, especially something that needs a lot of time and effort ) get/be used to, look forward to, object to, devote oneself to（致力于）等。如：-We are looking forward to seeing you again.-We are used to getting up early.-She set about making tea for us. 三、下列动词的直接宾语既可用不定式，又可用动名词，意义上仅有具体与抽象之分，但许多情况下可互换：like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, attempt, afford, prefer, propose, intend ,cant bear。如：We cant afford to pay for/ paying for the car. -After a short break she started to work/working hard.-He continued to live/living with his parents after his marriage.四、下列动词的（直接）宾语可用不定式，也可用动名词，在意义上有明显的差别。它们是：remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop, go on 等。现分如下：1. remember to do 记着要做；remember doing记得（过去）曾做过 如：You must remember to post the letter.(=Dont forget to post the letter.) I dont remember posting the letter before.(=I forget that I have posted the letter.)2. forget to do忘记要做（未做）；forget doing忘记了（过去）曾经做过（已做） 如：I forget to take the book with me.(=I have no book with me)I forget seeing you somewhere.（=I have seen you before.)3. regret to do 对将要做的事表示后悔；regret doing对已做过的事表示后悔。如：She regretted to give up the chance. She regretted having no time to have a talk with him at that time. 4. try to do想法设法努力做；try doing 试一试试着做如：She tried to help us. (=She tried her best/tried/hard/did her best to help us.)Lets try working it out in another way. 5. mean to do打算想要做 ；mean doing意思是，意味着 如：I dont mean(intend) to refuse your help. Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 6. stop to do停止（某事）去干另一件事；stop doing停止（不再）做事 如：Please stop quarrelling. Dad is sleeping. Stop to take a break when you are tired.7. go on to do（干完一事后）接着干另一件事；go on doing继续干（以前未完成的）某事如：Tom went on to read Lesson Four.(=Tom had finished reading Lesson Three, and now he started to read Lesson Four.) Tom went on reading Lesson Four. (=Tom continued to read Lesson Four after a pause.)五、动词want, need, require 作“需要”解时，接不定式或动名词意思都一样，只是接动名词要用主动形式（表示被动意义），接不定式要用被动式。如：Your handwriting needs improving.(=to be improved).What you said wants proving(=to be proved). These books are required reading(=to be read) 4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别 3.不定式做定语（1）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， last， only， not a， the， very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon第一个登上月球的女性（2）如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to dotend to do， decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.（3）如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do“干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do“对的好奇心”be curious to do“对好奇”ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin， random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.（4）表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way， method， reason， time， place， chance， occasion， opportunity， evidence， power， right，movement， drive （运动），effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem. （5）不定代词something， nothing， little， much， a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress， there is still much to be improved. (2)分词作定语 分词作定语时有下面几个特点： 1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。 2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 -He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 -The child standing over there is my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 -The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。 -Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? -He is an advanced teacher他是个先进教师。 (3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如： -Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？ -Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？(4).动名词作定语动名词作定语时，一般表示用途，放在被说明的词的前面。E.g. This is the biggest reading room in the library.( The room is used for reading.)动名词和现在分词形式相同，都可以用作定语。它们的主要区别是：动名词作定语时，说明被修饰的名词的用途。（可以用“use for +动名词”这个结构代替），它和所修饰的名词在意念上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的行为，和它所修饰的名词在意念上有主谓关系。（可以扩展为定语从名）eg a sleeping car =a car is used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢（sleeping 是动名词作定语，说明car 是睡觉用的）a sleeping child =a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子（sleeping 是现在分词作定语，它和child 在意念上有主谓关系，说明child 的行为）1、 判断： working people（ ） working table （ ）coming week （ ） running water （ ）running track 跑道（ ） swimming girls （ ）swimming suit 游泳衣（ ） waiting bus （ ）waiting-room 候车室（ ） walking stick （ ）5不定式和分词作状语的区别 （1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 -He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 -Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 -Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 -Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。 They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随) They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的) 2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。 -Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因) -Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间) -Reading carefully，youll learn something new只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件) -His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) -The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果) -We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) （3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的： a：not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义 b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。 c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。 6非谓语动词常考的其它结构 （1)疑问词+不定式结构 疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如： -When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未决定。(主语) I dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语) -The difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何过河。(表语) -I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语） （注）有时疑问词前可用介词，如： I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有： careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupidabsurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me你帮助我太好了。 间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。 Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。 7非谓语动词中的有关句型 （1）动名词作主语的句型 1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 It is a great fun playing football打篮球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth It is useless speaking.光说没用。 It is nice seeing you again真高兴又遇到了你。 It is good playing chess after supper晚饭后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car开这种小车是浪费。 4)There is no + doing.(there is no 表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do说出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。 5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk牛奶洒了，哭也无用。 6)have difficulty /trouble/a problem + (in)+doing have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan我们执行计划有困难。 7)feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词 I feel like a newborn baby我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。 Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗? I dont feel like studying tonight今晚我不想读书。 8) spend/waste time doing sth. They spent a lot time (in) making preparations他们花了许多时间作准备。 9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。 This problem requires studying with great care这个问题需要仔细研究。 10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么） I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser. (2)有关分词句型 1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如： She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。 I watched them rehearsing the play我看他们排演戏。 I could feel the wind blowing on my face我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。 2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如： I caught them stealing my apples我抓住他们偷我的苹果。 If she catches me reading her diary，shell be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 We found him waiting to receive us我们发现他正等着接待我们。 3)go +现在分词表示“从事”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。 Ill go camping tomorrow我明天去露营。 Ill go shopping我去商店。 Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗? 4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做 I am busy writing my thesis我正忙着写论文。 His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers他的助教忙于批阅考卷。 或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。 He is busy with his work他忙着工作。 5)What do you say to + ing分词?(怎么样?) What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样? （3）有关动词不定式句型 下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。 can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. (4)there be的非谓语形式 there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。) The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams(作宾语如1991年题30) 1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如： We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here我们并不反对在这里开会。 It isnt enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jims car out quite safely(作状语) 2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) Its too early for there to be anybody up太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语) There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) 3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。 4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如： This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking这是到南京的最快一班车。 I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。 目标测试 1._in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut ATo make high scores BMaking high scores CTo make low goal DMaking low goal 2.I found _ to answer all the questions within the time given Ano possibility Bthere was impossibility Cimpossible Dit impossible 3.The students expected there _ more reviewing classes before the final exams Ais Bbeing Chave been Dto be 4.Youre going to England next year. You should now practise _English as much as possible. A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about 5.If we dont start out now, we must risk _ the train. A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss 6. The flexibility of film allows the artist _ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. Ato bring Bbringing Cis brought Dbrings 7.Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair_. A. to sit Bfor to sit on Cto sit on Dfor sitting 8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort _ her? Aplease Bpleased Cto please Dhaving pleased 9.Lots of empty boots were found under the old mans bed. He must have done nothing but _. A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drunk 10.The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president. A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up 11.I heard him _the door A. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking 12.He does nothing but_ A. complaining B.to complaining C. complain D. to complain 13.The students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the final exam. A. is B. being C have been D. to be 14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday. A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed 15.I appreciated _the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having been C. to have been given D. to have given 16.There is no point _further. A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing 17.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined 18.They stopped _, but now Im getting interested. A.listening B.to listen C. listen D. having listening 19.I am sorry to hear that you resorted _ A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D.cheat 20.He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _ insufficiently popular with all members. A. being considered B. considering. C. to be considered D. having considered 21._of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South. A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed 22._exceptions, the rule may stand. A. Allow for B. Allowing for C. To allow D. To allow for 23.All flights_ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled 24.John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands _ A. folding B. to have folded C. to fold D. folded 25.Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _place in our ever-changing world. A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken 26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _the last bus. A. to have caught B.