第九讲：语序问题.doc

外高桥保税区简介外高桥保税区是中国大陆第一个自由贸易区，她是以出口加工和自由贸易相结合的一个综合型对外开放区域。位于浦东新区东部端，濒临长江口，距市中心20公里。外高桥保税区规划面积10平方公里，1995年前计划开发4平方公里。从1992年起的三年内，该区域的建设将以“外高桥大厦”为中心，向南北两侧推进，与外高桥港区连成一片。外高桥保税区将按国际惯例，逐步建成太平洋西岸的一个大型自由贸易区。Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind on Chinas mainland, or rather a comprehensive free trade zone open to the outside world characterized by free trade along with export processing. Overlooking the Yangtze River estuary, the zone is located in the northeast end of the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, 20 kilometers from the present downtown district of the city proper. Out of the planned 10 square kilometers, 4 are designated for development before 1995. In the 3 years beginning with 1992, the constructions of the zone will center about the Wanggaoqiao Mansion”, extending both northward and southward as far as the Waigaoqiao Harbor District. Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone will, gradually but steadily, be built into a large free trade zone on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean according to international practice.2. 句子翻译的平衡-前轻后重a. 习惯语法规则要求的顺序b. 修辞要求的顺序：为实现句子平衡、流畅，可以调整句子顺序。3组句抓住主干4正式行文不用符号&, km, 等第三讲 句内语序的调整语序（word order）指各级语言单位在组合中的排列次序。语序是汉语的重要组合手段，汉语的语序是固定的，既反映了一定的逻辑事理，又体现了人们在长期使用语言过程中形成的语言习惯。英语的语序比较灵活。1. 单句中的语序, 汉语句中的事件与行为均按其发生的先后顺序排列，它反映了人们逻辑思维的过程及中国人对事件发展的客观规律的认识。而英美人的逻辑思维过程与我们不同。例如：1 他起身拿了雨伞就走了。2 没有票怎么去看电影呢？3 我吃了午饭就出去给你买药。He stood up, took the umbrella and went away.How can we go and see the film without tickets?Ill go to buy medicine for you after lunch.A. 句中成分的大小、距离，汉语的语序应从最大到最小，从最远到最近，但英语语序正好相反。1. 他在武汉工程大学外语学院办公室工作。He works at the office of the Foreign Language School of Wuhan Institute of Technology.2. 中国 湖北 武汉 江夏区 流芳街特一号武汉市工艺品美术总公司出口大楼 Wuhan Arts and Crafts Corporation Export BuildingNo 1 extra, Liu Fang Avenue, Jiangxie District, Wuhan, Hubei, China, B. 有些并列成分的组合，隐含着逻辑事理的制约，并列的概念之间有轻重、主次、高低、强弱、大小的差别。例如： 大小：左右：明辨是非：1.救死扶伤、实行革命的人道主义。To heal the wounded and rescue the dying; to practice revolutionary humanitarianism. 汉语中“扶伤”放在“救死”之后，因为其含义轻于“救死”。译成英语时，则必须按照英语的排列法进行调整，语气较轻的部分放到前面。2安顺是一座有悠久历史的文化名城，在三千多年前，这里已有人类繁衍生息。Anshun city has a long history as a famous cultural city. Our ancestors lived and multiplied in this area as long as 3,000 years ago. 在翻译过程中为了清晰表达意见，要进行语序的调整。如在列举一系列名城或现象时，汉语通常习惯把概括性、总结性、总数的词语放在列举名词之后，而英语习惯放在列举名词之前。1这所大学现有电子计算机、地球物理、遗传工程等三个新建的专业。The university has 3 newly-established majors, namely, Electronic computer, Geo-physics, and Genetic engineering. 2. 这家商店卖香烟、帽子、糖果、罐头等杂货物品。At the store, sundry goods and food such as hats, cigarettes, candies and canned food are sold. 2. 复杂句中修饰成分的处理2.1多个状语时，状语语序的调整与安排汉语中有时会出现多个状语或修饰语，而且状语一般都挤在被修饰的动词前。而在英语中状语的位置比较灵活，可在句首、中或末尾。在英译时要充分利用这种灵活性。例如：将两个状语分别置于句首、句末，可以使句子显得平衡。或者，把一些状语转成句子的其它成分，以减少状语的数量。2. 1.1 分置状语以求结构平衡1民族地区在国家的扶持和其它地区的支援下，通过自己的艰苦奋斗，经济增长加快，各项事业全面发展。民族地区：ethnic minority areas ；各项事业：various undertakingsAssisted by the State and supported by other regions, ethnic minority areas witnessed an acceleration in economic growth and an all-round development in various undertakings through their own efforts and hard work. 2 具有浓郁的东方气息的中国地毯交易会自1975年起已先后在天津、北京、上海举办过19届。中国地毯交易会：China Carpet Fair ； 东方气息：Oriental flavorSince 1975, China Carpet Fair, which is characterized by strong Oriental flavor, has been held 19 times alternatively in Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai. 2.1.2 将相关状语安排在一起1美国的军火销售经久不衰，为美国的军工业带来了丰厚的利润。从1991年至1998年，美国连续8年成为全球头号军火供应商。军火销售：arms sales ； 军工业：U.S. military industry ；军火供应商：arms supplierAmerican arms sales have been a prosperous business for a long time, bringing huge profits to the U.S. military industry. In the eight years running, from 1991 to 1998, the United States remained the worlds No. 1arms supplier. 2.2. 定语语序的调整, 前置定语与后置定语的选择由于英语往往要比原中文长，翻译时应尽量用词简洁，使译文变短。而前置定语往往能使语言简练，但有时定语过长，也不要勉强使用。3.2.1 前置定语的使用我在耶鲁（Yale）上大一时，有7个从中国大陆来的本科生，如今有两人受聘于大名鼎鼎的华尔街投资银行。Morgan Stanley， Goldman Sachs， Merri Lynch，Lehman Brothers and Bear Sterns。In my freshman year at Yale, there were seven undergraduates from the Chinese mainland, and now two are employed by big-name Wall Street investment banks.by investment banks in/on the famous Wall Street. 2.2. 2 后置定语的使用如果前置结构过于复杂，也可考虑改用后置定语。1 上海将建成国际经济、金融、贸易和航运中心。Shanghai will turn into an international economic, financial, trade and shipping center.Shanghai will turn into an international center of/for economy, finance, trade and shipping.2. 与此同时一项以“弘扬中华民族传统美德，从孝敬爹娘开始”为主题的系列活动也在北大校园启动。弘扬,发扬：carry forward, develop ; Simultaneously, a series of activities have been started centering around this theme: “Carry forward the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation by respecting and loving our parents first.”2.2.3 多定语与长定语的处理A. 平衡前置定语与后置定语1我国进行了卓有成效的双边和多边外交活动。China has conducted fruitful diplomatic activities in both bilateral and multilateral contexts. 2.中国以崭新的面貌向全世界宣布旧中国积贫积弱、受尽屈辱、没有外交尊严的时代一去不复返了。With a completely new look, China declared to the world that the days when China was poor, weak, humiliated, and with no diplomatic dignity were gone for ever.With a completely new look, China declared to the world that the days were gone for ever when a poor and weak China suffered all kinds of humiliations and had no dignity in diplomacy.B. 将长定语分流到从句或主句中1 人类社会的发展，就是先进生产力不断取代落后生产力的历史过程。The development of human society is a historical process of advanced productive forces replacing the backward ones.The development of human society is a historical process in which the advanced productive forces replace the backward ones.练习：从1900年八国联军占领北京，中华民族蒙受巨大屈辱，国家濒临灭亡边缘，到2000年中国在社会主义基础上进入小康，大踏步走向繁荣富强，是中国发生翻天覆地变化的一百年。八国联军: Eight-Power Allied Forces; 小康: well-off Earth-shaking changes have taken place in China over the past century from 1900 when the Eight-Power Allied Forces occupied Beijing, subjecting the Chinese nation to great humiliation and bringing the country to the verge of subjugation, to the year 2000 when China will enjoy a fairly comfortable life on the basis of socialism and take big strides towards the goal of being prosperous and strong. 作业：送娘进京看升旗5月11日凌晨5点04分，微曦中的天安门广场上万头攒动，人们在争看升国旗那庄严的一刻。在里三层外三层的人墙后面，一辆蓝色三轮车上躺着一个穿棉衣(cotton-padded)、裹棉被的白发老大娘，正注视着冉冉升起的五星红旗。这位88岁的老大娘名叫赵云祥，是山东济南市郊天桥区的农民。她的儿子卢家德去年在北京打工，回家后给老母细细述说了在北京所见到的一切。赵云祥老大娘于是萌发了有生之年上北京亲眼看看的念头。卢家德是个孝子。老母年迈不能坐车，他特地购置了一辆三轮车，从济南到北京的千余里路，他骑了6天，硬是让母亲再有生之年了却了心愿。Cycling Mother to BeijingIt was the 11th of May, in Tiananmen Square. At four minutes past five in the morning, the first rays of the rising sun witnessed thousands of people stretching themselves to see the solemn scene of raising our National flag. Behind the layers upon layers of people, a grey-haired granny was lying in a blue pedicab, wrapped up in cotton-padded coats and quilts, looking intensely at the steadily rising five-starred red flag.That was Zhao