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毕业设计论文
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电气电子毕业设计29酒店中央空调系统设计,毕业设计论文
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ENERGY CONSERVATION SHOWCASE The public utilities operations center for the city of riverside in California is a 28600-t2(2656m2),two-story structure。 A future addition will be 5000-ft2(465 m2)。 the owner wanted the building s HVAC, plumbing and electrical systems to be a “showcase and education facility” or clients。 This was achieved by incorporating energy conservation feature into the use of electricity and water and the design of the building envelope。 The centers major areas include the central operations control and computer room (which operate 24 hours ), administrative and engineering offices and clerical and conference rooms (10-house operation)。 To comply with California state energy efficiency standards, packed rooftop heat pump unit were selected for the base mechanical system。 A 20-year life-cycle analysis was performed to review alternate machanicial systems using a variable-air-volume (VAV)system with electric reheat; with shut-off boxes VAV boxes; and with fan-powered VAV boxes。 This analysis determined that fan-powered VAV boxes with electric reheat using an air cooled chiller were the most cost effective with a 5。 5 year payback。 At this stage ,the client requested a study to incorporate a thermal energy storage (TES)system。 Again ,the study was base on 20-year life-cycle analysis。 The selected system consists of a fan-powered, variable-volume system with electric reheat, low-temperature supply air (43F6c),chill water plant, air handles with variable speed drives and thermal ice storage tanks。 The selected system resulted in 30% more energy saving than that mandated by the California state energy efficiency standards and ANSI/ASHREA/IESEA standard 90。 1, energy efficient design of new buildings。 Energy efficiency Designing an energy efficient HVAC system was a challenge due to the constantly fluctuating number of people (50 to 370) 。 Some of the areas require 24-hours occupancy。 In addition , employers are dispatched to the field after coming to work in the morning, and then the meet at the and of the day of reporting。 Measure to increase energy efficiency include: *the 20-year life-cycle analysis projected a 7。 8-year payback for thermal storage compared to “off-pack cooling。 ” *using low temperature supply air at 43 (6 ) versus conventional supply at 55(13) helped reduce the supply fan size from 44000cfm to 31250cfm(20760L/s to 14745L/s)。 variable speed drives are provided, for supply, return/relief and minimum outside air fans。 All air-handling unit fans and pumps are provided with high efficiency motors。 The outside air fan speed is controlled by co2 sensors located in the main return air duct。 Fan-powered vav boxes use filtered plenum air to mix with primary air supplied at 43(6)。 A additional heating requirements are provided by three-stage electric heaters in vav boxes。 The secondary fan in the vav box has a variable speed controller to fine-tune the plenum air quantity for recirculation。 The direct digital control(DDC) energy management system(EMS) helps optimize the system operation。 A high efficiency heat pump unit maintains the comfort level after normal operating ntshours in the evenings, on weekends and holidays and for the 24-hour occupied central control room。 Using an evaporative condenser rather than a cooling tower helped increase system efficiency。 Seven thermal ice storage tanks with a total capacity of 1330 ton-hour, provide 1095 ton-hour of full load off-peak cooling。 Other energy conservation features include R-19 wall insulation,R-30 roof insulation, low emissivity glass windows, high efficiency T-8 lamps, daylight sensors, occupancy light sensors, skylights, and low-water consumption plumbing fixtures and metering faucets。 Indoor air quality The public utilities operations center is designed to meet high indoor air quality。 compliance to ANSI/ASHRAE standard 55,thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, and ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62,ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, was a major criteria to establish a high comfort level and indoor air qualit y standards。 A major factor in providing and maintaining acceptable indoor air quality and comfort level is the operation of the mechanical system。 The DDC system determines the optimum start time and purges the building with 100% outside air prior to occupancy。 The DDC also monitors the pressure differential across filters and provides a maintenance schedule to replace filters to maintain the maximum indoor quality level。 The minimum outside air of 20cfm(9L/S) per person is ensured by the minimum outside air fan for an average occupancy of 100 people。 Additional outside air is brought in via outside louvers and when in the system s economizer mode。 A co2 sensor(set at 700ppm) in the main return air duct controls the vfd on the outside air fan to maintain indoor air quality。 Air-monitoring devices, locate in main ducts, measure supply air return air and outside air quantities。 Pre-filters(35%efficiency) and high efficiency(65% efficiency) filters are provided in compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE standard 52,gravimetric and dust-spot procedures for testing air-cleaning devices used in general ventilation for removing particulate matter。 Fan-powered vav boxes with low temperature primary chilled, supply air and filtered secondary plenum air with fan help provide greater air circulation in the space than non-fan-powered vav boxes。 Innovation Locating the air-handling unit, pumps and cooling tower because a challenge because the architect had counted on the HVAC system to be packaged rooftop heat pump units and had not planned for the additional space。 The installed cost for all the central plant equipment with architectural enclosure, but excluding energy management controls, was over budget by at least $130000。 An alternate plan to develop a custom unit to house all the equipment was determined to be more cost effective。 The unit would be factory-piped and wired with a complete energy management control system。 The custom unit consists of a supply fan(plug type),a return/relief fan(plug type) , minimum outside air fan (FC fan), pre-fitters and high efficiency filters, two multiple stage reciprocating compressors , evaporative condenser cooler, variable speed drives for supply ,return/relief and outside air fans , water/glycol circulating pumps ,cont rol room with complete DDC panels and computer。 The control room that is built within the custom unit is designed to be accessible at all ntstimes so that clients can observed the system operation 。 This control room is cooled by though-the-wall air conditioner that is factory-mounted on the common wall to the evaporative condenser area and the control room 。 Seven thermal ice storage tanks provide the flexibility to isolate a tank due to any failure and still provide 85% off-peak cooling 。 Factory pre-wiring required a single power connection for 760 volts, 3,one dedicated 110-volt circuit for the DDC and 110-volt circuit for light service plugs。 Operation and maintenance The custom unit was factory pre-charged and operated prior to shipping and is ETL-listed, performance tests were observed in the plant 。 custom manufacturing provide a single source responsibilitys warranty 。 factory testing minimized adjustments to the system during its initial operation at the size。 Items requiring service are easily accessible because of the location of the access doors。 All compartments within the unit have a marine light and view ports to observation。 Custom manufacturing also provided a single source responsibility for training the clients maintenance staff in the operation and maintenance of the system。 This is a major benefit that has been appreciated by the maintenance staff。 The custom manufacturing also provided operation reliability of the total unit。 The EMS monitors the major moving parts off all the mechanical systems and provides an alarm due to failures or malfunction。 The EMS logs the trend of the system operation and maintenance history to provide operation and maintenance reliability。 Because the custom unit the TES systems are showcase for clients , they are provided with separate electric meter ,which also can be monitored from the EMS system。 The building has being operating for almost three years。 Table 1 shows the KWh consumption (in thousand)for the TES from the study and actual billing from April 1997 to march 1998 , the system is operating slightly better than the study projected。 Cost effectiveness Although the application of packaged toot-mounted heat pumps would have been the least costly for installation cost , the client preferred using a chiller system with a vav system ,therefore ,this system was as the bade case。 For the TES system ,the time -of use load leveling strategy provided a payback of 3。 5years。 the time of-use peak hour shift provided a payback of 7。 8 years , and the time -of use mid-and peak hour shift provided a payback of 17。 7 years when compared to the conventional base case 。 the client chose to use time-of- use peak-hour shift strategy。 The supply air temperature of 43F6c helped reduce the sizes and related costs for the supply fan, return fan ,air distribution duct ,duct insulation ,fan motors and variable frequency drives resulting in about $56000 savings 。 The custom air hander/chiller system helped reduce about $15000 in mechanical central plant costs ($550000vs。 $700000)。 Conclusion The system installed at this facility has demonstrated a high level of occupant comfort ,while proving itself as an energy efficient and cost efficient choice, where possible, the cost effectiveness of a factory-built versus field-built units have those major benefits : A single-source responsibility for the manufacturers warranty 。 ntsThe units are factory-tested for proper operation prior to shipment ,which minimized field adjustments and provided operational reliability。 Minimum fieldwork for duct , piping and power connection 。 A single-source responsibility for training of maintenance personnel 。 The factory built total plant unit for this project was a first for the manufacturer and design engineer。 This equipment is serving the clients need well。 ASGRAE technology Awards are the HVAC &R industrys most prestigious honor for efficient energy use in buildings and environmental system performance 。 while the awards do not certify responsible charge or professional license status。 They do recognize outstanding design innovation and successful implementation。 nts节 能 陈 列 室 河沿城市的公用事业操作中心在加利福尼亚是一栋建筑面积为 28600-t2(2656m2)的二层结构建筑。 后来将增加 5000-ft2(465 m2) 的建筑面积。业主要求建筑的暖通空调，给排水管道，以及电力系统具有展览和教育功能。在大厦外型的设计上达到了以节约水和电为特点的节能要求。 公用事业中心 的主要区域包括中央操作控制和计算机室 (空调运行 24 小时 )， 行政和工程处和职员和会议室 (空调运行 10 小时 )。 根据加利福尼亚陈述节能标准， 安装保温层的屋顶热泵被选择作为基本的设备。以 20 年为一周期 分析执行回顾供选择设备为变流量系统 (VAV) 与二次电加热系统 ; 闭式 VAV 箱 ;风机盘管。 这分析确定 , 变频调节与电再热联合使用致冷剂的能效比为5。 5。 在这个状况下，客户请求研究合并热能存贮 (TES)system。研究是根据这 20 年周期分析。 选择的系统风机盘管加二次电加热系统，以水为载冷剂，供水温度为 43F（ 6c） ， 空气处理机组和蓄冰槽。 选择的系统比按照加利福尼亚状态节能标准和ANSI/ 托管 ASHREA/IESEA 标准 90。 1 节能 30， 新大厦是高能效的设计。 节能设计 参 加暖通空调设计挑战的人数经常在 (50 到 370) 。 一些区域要求 24 小时空调。 另外， 雇主要求工作区域在早晨上班后就开始空调， 下班之前要作报告。 增加能效比的措施包括如下几点 20 年的分析数据表明安装了保温材料的比没有安装的节约 7。 8 年的成本 时间相对于“谷冷”。 相对 通风温度 55 （ 13 ） 来说 ，低温即 45 （ 6 ）送风， 可将通风机尺寸从44000CFM 减少到 31250CFM，即流量从 20760L/S 减到 14745L/S。 变转速用送风机上。所有和水泵都使用高性能的电动机。室外风机转速受二氧化碳 感应器控制。 变风量系统的风机功率使用房间量的过滤空气与最初的送风温度 45 （ 6 ） 混合。所需的加热量由变风量系统的三级电加热器供给。 直接数字控制能量管理系统可调节系统高效运行。 高效能热泵单元在夜间的正常运行后保持着良好状态，在周末和假日里，将 24 小时被中央控制室控制着。 使用蒸气比使用冷却塔可有助提高系统效能。 七个蓄冷器，共计 13340 冷吨，可提供满负荷峰谷的 1045 冷吨时。 其他储能特征像 R-19 绝热墙， R-30 绝热屋顶，低放射率玻璃窗，高效 T-8 灯管，日光感应器，占据光感，光线，和低耗水阻材料 和计量式水龙头。 室内空气品质 公共事业中心是以满足室内空气品质设计的，服从美国宝标准协会标准 55，居室热环境条件，符合美国国家标准协会标准 62，满足室内空气品质的通风，是建立在高舒适度和室内空气品质的原则上的。在提供和满足室内空气品质和舒适度的一个主要因素是机械系统的运行。 直接数字控制系统决定了恰当的起动时间和正式运行之前，使用室外 100%的室外空气清洁整栋建筑。直接数字控制系统还可以监视通过过滤的压力变化，并提供一个保持的清单去代替过滤，以保持室内空气品质的最高水平。每人最小新风量为 20CFM（ 9L/S）是由室内最小风机（平均每人所需量）。此外，当系统处于节能模式时，新风是由外窗进入的。二氧化碳感应器（设定为 700ppm）在主要回风管上控制着设在室外nts风机的转速以满足室内空气品质。 位于干管上的空气监测装置测量着新风，回风和室外空气的量。过滤前（ 35%可用）和高效率（ 65%）过滤以满足美国国家标准协会标准 52。和粉尘程序用空气洁净度检测装置，使用在全面通风以为应付特别条件。 变风量系统的风机功率箱，用最初的低温冷冻。送风和经过 二次过滤的空气在有风机帮助下比没有风机的变风量空气系统箱更能在 空间得到更大的循环。 创新 处在空气机组单元的冷冻机，水泵和冷却塔都成为了一个难题。因为建筑必须考虑供暖通风系统成为屋顶热泵单元，但又没有计划额外的空间。建筑围护结构内的中央设备的安装费用，除开能量管理控制，就至少超出预算 130000 美元。一个代替计划是发展一种定做单元来适合整个大楼。整个设备被认为是有效节约的。这种单元适合于工厂安
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