中考内容讲解.docx

第三讲 过去将来时概念：表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用“would + 动词原形”或“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表达。用 法例 句特别提示表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。I didnt know when he would go to the park.He said that he would wait for me at the school gate.此种情况常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。用“was / were going to + 动词原形”，“was / were about to + 动词原形”表示将来的动作或状态。She told me she was going to fly to Yunnan.I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang.和一般将来时一样，也可用相应的其他形式表示。过去进行时态有时可用来表示过去将来。He said the train was leaving at five the next morning.He said he was coming to see me.常见于come, go等瞬间动词。过去将来时的基本特征，也就是我么年今天所谈到的“立足过去，着眼未来”。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。例如：Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane.玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。基本构成A ) would + 动词原形 如：He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。B ) was / were going to + 动词原形如：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework.没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形 如：He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。如：She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。基本用法A ) 主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。如：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting.我们想知道她是否准备在会上发言。B ) 在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。如：It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left school. He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes.一个星期天的下午，一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。因为她准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。 如：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。 形容词形容词的定义和用法: 形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征。 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语，补语。She is a good student, and she works hard. 她是一个好学生,她学习努力。 This bike is expensive. 这辆自行车很贵。 I am sorry, Im busy now. 对不起,我现在很忙。 Have you got everything ready for the meeting? 你为这次会议做好准备吗? 形容词在句中的位置: 形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面, 音节多的形容词放在后面。 英语单词中,something, anything, nothing 等不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词放在名词后面。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事要告诉你。 Is there anything interesting in the film. 电影里有什么有趣的内容吗？ There is nothing dangerous here. 这儿一点都不危险。 由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。 This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. 每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议。 You can take any box away, big or small. 这些箱子，不管大小，你都可以拿走。 形容词的比较级和最高级: 绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。 例如: poor tall great glad bad 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。 分为规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级) 2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级) 3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级) 4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级) 6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级) more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级) most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最高级) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级比较级最高级 goodbetterbest many more most much more most badworseworst little less least illworseworst farfarther(further) farthest(furthest) 形容词前如加 less 和 lest 则表示较不和最不 important 重要 less important 较不重要 lest important 最不重要 形容词比较级的用法: 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下: 主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。 也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。 Our teacher is taller than we are. 我们老师的个子比我们的高。 It is warmer today than it was yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天暖和。 This picture is more beautiful than that one. 这张照片比那张照片漂亮。 This meeting is less important than that one. 这次会议不如那次会议重要。 The sun is much bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大得多。 形容词最高级的用法: 形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为: 主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。 She is the best student in her class. 她是班上最好的学生。 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海是中国最大城市之一。 This is the biggest apple I have ever met. 这是我见到的最大的苹果。 Tom is the tallest boy in his basketball team. 汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子。 有关形容词的几个特殊用法: most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 极,很,非常, 十分。 Its most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 I cannot do it, its most difficult. 我干不了这件事，太难了。 The+形容词比较级., the+形容词比较级.表示 越. 就越.。 The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。 The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。 The more, the better. 越多越好。 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 , 表示 越来越. 。 Its getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了. Its pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。 The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。 the + 形容词 表示某种人。 He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。 第四讲 现在进行时一、如何理解现在进行时顾名思义，现在进行时就是指说话时正在进行的动作或发生的情况。如汉语说的“我在看书”“他在吃饭”“火车在行驶”“秘书在打字”等，在英语中都要用现在进行进来表达，因为它们所涉及的动作在说话的时刻都正在进行。二、现在进行时的定义现在进行时主要用于表示目前正在进行的动作，有时也可表示现阶段在进行的动作。如：The teacher is giving us an English lesson.老师正在给我们上英语课。The farmers are getting in their crops.农民们正在收割庄稼。We are making preparations for the conference.我们一直在为会议作准备。三、现在进行时的构成现在进行时由“am / is / are +现在分词”构成。如：Im studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school.我在育才中学读书。He is writing on the desk.他再课桌上写字。They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall.他们在谈论游长城的事情。【说明】动词现在分词的构成方法：(1)一般在动词后加-ing。如：saysaying, playplaying, thinkthinking, studystudying, teach teaching, blowblowing, buildbuilding.(2)动词若以-e结尾,则去e再加-ing。如：loveloving, makemaking, guideguiding, datedating.(3)在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ing。如：beginbeginning, regretregretting, planplanning, ban banning.(4)在以ie结尾的动词后，改ie为y，再加-ing。如：lielying, diedying, tietying.(5)在以-ck结尾的动词后加-king。如：picnicpicnicking, panicpanicking.四、现在进行时的用法1.表示正在进行现在进行时除表示说话时正在进行的动作之外，还可表示在短期内临时进行的动作或存在的情况，这种情况通常不会长期如此，并且在说话时刻也不一定正在进行。如：Dont take that ladder away. Your fathers using it.别把梯子拿起，你父亲在用哩。The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。2.表示短期内在进行表示在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况，这种情况通常不会长期如此。如：Her car has broken down. Shes going to work by bike.她的汽车坏了，骑自行车上班。The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。这种情况在说话时不一定在发生。如：Dont take that ladder away. Your fathers using it.别把梯子拿走，你父亲在用哩。(说话时不一定正在用)3.表示计划或安排即表示按计划或安排要发生的将来动作，这类用法在没有明确上下文的情况下，通常会连用一个表示将来时间的状语。如：Are you working next week?你下星期工作吗?We are having a few guests tonight.今晚我们有几个客人来。She is buying a new bike soon.她不久将买一辆新自行车。Were spending next winter inAustralia.我们将要在澳大利亚度过明年冬天。用arrive, come, go, leave, take off等动词的现在进行时描写行程安排，也通常有含有将来意义。如：He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 16:40 train.他乘下午4:40的火车明天上午到。4.表示屡次发生现在进行时有时可以与always, constantly, continually, forever等表示动作屡次发生的副词连用，强调动作的不断重复的。如：He is always losing his keys.他老是丢钥匙。He is always thinking of his work他老是想到他的工作。Shes constantly changing her mind.她老是改变主意。Some students in my class are forever talking.我班上有些学生老是在说话。这类用法通常带有一定的情感色彩，如表示满意、赞扬、责备、不满、厌烦、不以为然等。五、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别1.现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。如：Im reading a story now.我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情)I read stories in my spare time.我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为) (from )2.现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如：What are you doing these days?这几天你在干什么？They are learning English in the summer holiday.他们暑假在学英语。They read English every day.他们每天读英语。They play volleyball every Sunday.他们每周星期天都打排球。3.表示短促动作的动词(如jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如：The girls are jumping over there.女孩子们在那边跳。His heart is beating fast.他的心脏跳得很快。4.某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如：Im wondering whether you can help us now.我不知道你现在能否给我们帮一忙。Im hoping that you will succeed.我正在希望你成功呢。(from )六、现在进行时典型考题（附详解）1.Ive won a holiday for two weeks toFlorida. I_my mum.A.am takingB.have takenC.takeD.will have taken分析：A。现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。What are you doing next Sunday?下星期天你打算干什么?I am reading a paper tomorrow.我明天要读一篇论文。2.Whats that terrible noise?The neighbors_for a party.A.have preparedB.are preparingC.prepareD.will prepare分析：B。由Whats=What is可知，现在在出声音;进而知道“邻居们正在为一个晚会作准备”，所以用现在进行时。再说，已经准备好了或者将作准备，我们不可能听得到声音，问句也就不成立了，排除A和D。3.Because the shop_, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.A.has closed downB.closed downC.is closing downD.had closed down分析：C。由all the T-shirts are sold at half price可知，这家商店还没有关闭，但准备将要关闭，所以选C，用现在进行时表示最近的打算。4.Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People_to ask how I am going to spend the money.A.phoneB.will phoneC.were phoningD.are phoning分的：D。指赢大奖以来的，近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。5.They_on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we_it as no good results have come out so far.A.had been working; are still working B.had worked; were still workingC.have been working; have workedD.have worked; are still working分析：A。在I joined them之前，就是“过去的过去”，要用过去完成时或过去完成进行时，排除选项C和D;由now和“到目前还没有结果”可知，现在仍在进行这项工作，用现在进行时，排除选项B。6.Listen to the two girls by the window. What language_?A.did they speakB.were they speakingC.are they speakingD.have they been speaking分析：C。由Listen to可知，要用现在进行时。7.Are you still busy?Yes, I_my work and it wont take long.A.just finishB.am just finishingC.have just finishedD.am just going to finish分析：B。由it wont take long可知即将做完了，用现在进行时表示即将发生的事;选项D表示“正打算做完”，与句意不符。8.Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane_.A.takes offB.is taking offC.has taken offD.took off分析：B。用现在进行时表示马上要发生的情况(主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作)，如：Im leaving tomorrow.我明天走。Theyre getting married next month.他们下个月结婚。9.I have to go to work by taxi because my car_at the garage.A.will be repairedB.is repairedC.is being repairedD.has been repaired分析：C。由于我不得不坐出租车去上班，说明我的车还正在修理，故现在进行时的被动语态。10.Have you got any job offers?No. I_.A.waitedB.had been waitingC.have waitedD.am waiting分析：D。句首的No表明现在还没有找到工作，所以空格处应用现在进行时，表示现在还在等待job offer。11.Teenagers_their health because they play computer games too much.A.have damagedB.are damagingC.damagedD.will damage分析：B。此处用现在进行时表示“损害健康”这一情况正在发生。12.Whats that noise?Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine_.A.was testedB.will be testedC.is being testedD.has been tested分析：C。根据问句的意思可知，机器正在发生声音，故可推知“测试机器正在进行”，故用现在进行时态。13.The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.A.has restoredB.has been restoredC.is restoringD.is being restored分析：D。根据句中的will be open to tourists soon（不久将对游客开放）以及The work is almost finished（工程差不多快结束了）可知，the church tower的修复工程还正在进行，故用现在进行时的被动语态。14.Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends_for us.A.will waitB.waitC.have waitedD.are waiting分析：D。根据句首的but可知，选现在进行时比较符合语境。对话的意思是：“我还有没吃完饭。”“但是我们的朋友在等我们了。”15.Joan, what_in your hand?Look! Its a birthday gift for my grandma.A.had you heldB.are you holdingC.do you holdD.will you hold分析：B。由于答句中的look用的是祈使句，这说明手里说话者的手里正拿着东西，故空格处应用现在进行时。又如：Competitors are offering lower price.竞争者正在报较低的价格。Women are fighting for their rights.妇女们正在为自身的权利而斗争。 副词一、时间副词1. 常见的时间副词常见的时间副词有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, finally, before, early, today tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately, already, just 等。2. 时间副词在句中的位置(1) 表确定时间的副词(如today, yesterday等)通常位于句末，有时也位于句首：He went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home. 他昨天回家了。而那些表示非确定时间的副词(如 soon, recently, suddenly等)除可用于句末或句首外，还可位于句中(通常位于实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后)：He went to Paris recently. / He recently went to Paris. / Recently he went to Paris. 最近他去了巴黎。(2) still, already, just 等几个表示时间的副词通常位于句中(实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后)：Hes just left for school. 他刚刚去学校。I have already finished my work. 我已经做完了工作。当要表示强调时，still和already也可位于动词be、助动词等之前：She was still still was beautiful at the age of forty. 她到了40岁仍然很美。I already have told him about it. 我已经把情况告诉他了。still若用于否定句，则总是位于助动词之前：I still dont understand what you mean. 我还是不明白你的意思。另外，still 和already 还可位于句末，表示惊奇：Are you on page one still? 你还在看第1页？Is your mother back already? 你妈妈就已经回来了？二、地点副词1. 常见的地点副词常见的地点副词有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, halfway, upstairs, downstairs 等。2. 地点副词在句中的位置地点副词在句中通常位于句末或句首，但从不位于主语和谓语之间。若有多个副词排列，地点副词通常位于方式副词之后，时间副词之前：Can you help to carry this table upstairs? 你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. 这男孩整个下午都在那儿静静地看书。三、方式副词1. 方式副词的特点方式副词表示动词的行为方式，许多以-ly结构的副词都是方式副词，如carefully, happily, quietly, heavily, warmly, correctly, politely, angrily 等。2. 方式副词在句中的位置(1) 方式副词通常位于动词(及其宾语)之后：He read the letter slowly. 他从容不迫地看了那封信。方式副词通常不位于动词与宾语之间，除非动词后的宾语很长：不可说：We like very much it. (应改为We like it very much.)但可说：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们可以很清楚地看到在我们前方有一道奇怪的光。若遇到“动词+介词+宾语”结构，方式副词既可位于“介词+宾语”之前，也可位于“介词+宾语”之后，但是若该结构的宾语较长，则方式副词通常位于“介词+宾语”之前：He looked at me curiously. / He looked curiously at me. 他好奇地打量着我。He looked curiously at everyone who got off the plane. 他好奇地打量着从飞机上走下来的每一个人。(2) 方式副词(主要是单个的方式副词)有时也可位于主语与动词之间：He quickly got dressed. 他赶紧穿好衣服。He angrily tore up the letter. 他很生气，把信撕碎了。(3) 有的方式副词(如bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly, generously, kindly, secretly, simply等)位于动词之前和位于句末会导致句子意思的变化：They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这个城市。They decided to leave the town secretly. 他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。He answered the questions foolishly. 他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。He foolishly answered the questions. 他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。(4) 有的方式副词(如gently, quietly, slowly, suddenly 等)有时可位于句首，以达到某种戏剧性的效果(这主要见于书面语中)：Suddenly, the driver started the engine. 突然地，司机启动了发动机。四、频度副词1. 频度副词的特点频度副词表示动作发生的次数，常见有的ever, never, rarely, seldom,