高中英语 Unit10 时态 I语法考点超级归纳素材.doc

unit10 时态 i语法考点超级归纳考点一：一般现在时英语的动词用不同的时态来表示不同的时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。动词的时态是通过动词的形式变化来体现的。时间有现在、过去、将来、过去将来，动作分一般、完成、进行、完成进行，这样就构成了16种时态。现以do为例，列表如下：动作时间一般进行完成完成进行现在doesdoam is doing are have donehashave been doinghas过去didwas doingwerehad donehad been doing将来shall dowillshall be doingwillshall have donewillshall have been doingwill过去将来should dowouldshould be doingwouldshouldhave donewouldshould have been doingwould普通高中英语课程标准（实验）要求高中学生掌握常用的十种时态，即后6种时态不作要求。一般现在时的用法例句表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态，常和always, often, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用lunch is always simple. 午餐总是很简单。i do some exercise every day. 我每天做一些锻炼。in the evenings, i often watch tv series or sports and the news again. 晚上，我经常看电视剧或体育节目，接着再看新闻。表示现时的情况或状态i enjoy swimming a lot and i love diving. 我很喜欢游泳，我也喜欢潜水。she knows french and german besides english. 她除英语外，还懂法语和德语。some people still live in poverty. 一些人仍然生活在贫困中。表示客观事实、客观规律或客观真理time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。the sun rises in the east. 太阳从东边升起。pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。表示现在时刻发生的动作，如球赛说明、演示说明、舞台动作描述it is the summer of 1903, and henry adam, an american businessman, has had some very bad luck. he is lost in london. 那是1903年夏天，美国商人亨利亚当斯算是倒了霉。他在伦敦迷路了。表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，尤其是动词say, hear, tell, forget等可用现在时表示过去的情况，或用于报纸标题以及小说章节的标题等the newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队继续前进，大战开始。在口语中，go, come, arrive, leave, start等这动词用一般现在可表示计划或安排好的将来的动作，通常同表示未来的时间状语连用we leave london on 15th july, and well be flying to morocco, in northern africa. 我们将于7月15日离开伦敦，接着要飞往北非的摩洛哥。在时间或条件状语从句中，须用一般现在时表示将来的动作，即用一般现在时代替一般将来时。we wont go if it rains. 但是如果下雨，我们就不去。we will not give up until we find convincing evidence. 不找到可信的证据，我们决不罢休。i will definitely study medicine after i finish school. 我毕业后肯定会学医。if you tell me the title, ill look for it in the library. 如果你把书名告诉我，我会到图书馆去找。在宾语从句、定语从句和某些状语从句中，有时也用一般现在时表示将来的动作i hope that you feel better soon. 我希望不久你能感觉好一点。i will give you anything you need. 你需要什么我都给。whichever way i look at it, ill never win. 不管从哪一方面来看，我都不会赢。注意：1）若宾语从句表达的是客观真理，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：the geography teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. 地理老师说地球围绕太阳旋转。2）有些动词hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find, say, remember以及某些句型中，用一般现在时代替完成时。例如：i hear (= have heard) he will go to shanghai to visit the expo park. 听说他将去上海看世博园。it is (= has been) five years since we last saw each other. 我们有五年没有见面了。3）一般现在时代替进行时，例如：here comes the bus. (=the bus is coming.) 公交车来了。there goes the bell. (=the bell is coming.) 铃响了。4）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时表示将来。例如：when he comes (不是will come), i will let you know. 他来时，我会告诉你。ill phone you as soon as he arrives. 他一到，我就打电话给你。但在now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 这句中，will表意愿。5）在动词hope that, take care that, make sure that等后，用一般现在时表示将来。例如：i hope you have a nice time in beijing. 我希望你们在北京玩得愉快。make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the office. 离开办公室前，你要确保所有窗户都关上了。考点二：一般过去时一般过去时的用法例句表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常和a moment ago, half an hour ago, just now, yesterday, last week, in 2005, in those days等表示过去的时间状语连用。we soon became best friends. 我们很快成了最好的朋友。wells wrote this science fiction story in 1895. 威尔斯在1895年写了这部科幻小说。last year she bought an expensive computer. 去年她买了一台昂贵的电脑。表示过去时间内连续发生的几个动作。at four oclock, polly left work and stepped out into the fog. 4点钟时，波莉下班走出办公室，步入雾霭之中。i picked up my books, glared at her and whispered loudly, “thanks to your noise, ive been unable to study. youre so selfish!” 我拾起书，瞪着她，大声地嘟囔道：“都是你的噪音，我已无法学下去了。你真自私！”表示过去时间内经常的或习惯性的动作或状态after lunch, i usually had a nap. 午饭后，我通常睡一会儿。sometimes i just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass. 有时，我只是在树下或坐在草地上休息。注意：1）一般过去时也可与since和for引导的时间状语连用，例如：the doctor thought for a while. 医生思考了片刻。beijing had its hottest day yesterday since 1951. 昨天是北京自1951年以来最热的一天。2）一般过去时还可与today, this week, this month, this year等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语显然是指不包括“现在”在内的过去时间。例如：did you see her today? 你今天见到她了吗？3）如果since从句中的谓语动词是静态动词，则表示动作或状态已结束，不再持续下去。例如：its two weeks since he was ill. 他病愈已有两周了。its a long time since she lived here. 她好久不在这里住了。4）一般过去时可以表示“过去的过去”，常用于宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句中，这时并不强调先后或因果等关系。例如：did you find the wallet you lost? 你丢失的钱包找到了吗？what did you do with the money we left? 你用我们留下的钱做了什么？5）在口语中，有时用一般过去时代替一般现在时，使语气显得更委婉。例如：i wondered (wonder) if you could help me. 我不知道你能否帮我一下。考点三：一般将来时一般将来时的用法例句表示将要发生的事。一般shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称和第三人称。现在，尤其在美国，will用于所有人称，在口语中常常用缩略式ll。ill take you there tomorrow. 我明天带你去那儿。next month we will have our school open day. 下个月我们将迎来学校开放日了。later i shall tell you about some of the work i have done. 稍后，我会告诉你一些我已经完成的工作。“be going to动词原形”结构，表示打算做某事或即将发生某事。what are you going to do tomorrow? 你打算明天做什么？the speech is going to be at 3 p.m. on 4th may. 演讲定于5月4日下午3点开始。begin, leave, arrive 等动词的一般现在时可表示计划或安排要发生的事。when does the plane arrive? 飞机什么时候到？tomorrow is saturday. lets go and visit him. 明天是星期六，我们去拜访他吧。go, come, stay, leave, do, take, have等动词的现在进行时可表示计划或准备要做某事。were leaving school in one years time. 我们一年后就要毕业了。my birthday is coming in two weeks time. 我的生日还有两周时间就要到了。“be to动词原形”结构，表示即将发生某事，或安排做某事，或要求做某事。what am i to do? 我该做什么呢？we are to meet at our school gate at 8 tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨8点在校大门口集合。“be about to动词原形”结构表示即将发生某事。now ladies and gentleman, youre about to hear the most incredible tale. 女士们，先生们：你们马上就要听到一个难以置信的故事。注意：1）be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。2）be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事；be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。试比较：i am to play table tennis tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)im going to play table tennis tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)考点四：过去将来时过去将来时的用法例句表示从过去某一时间看即将发生的动作或存在的状态。在当代英语中，第一人称用should已不常见，而是多用would，尤其在美国。过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，主句谓语动词用过去时态she said she would be there at seven oclock, and he thought she would keep her word. 她说她会在7点到达，他认为她会守信用的。they always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house that would be ours so we wouldnt have to move each year. 他们那时常常跟我们说总有一天我们会搬进一所房子，一所真正属于我们的房子，那样我们就不必每年都搬家了。come, go, leave等动词用过去进行时表示过去某时打算要做某事my cousin told me he was leaving for new zealand the next morning. 我堂弟告诉我他第二天早晨要去新西兰。“was / were going to动词原形”和“was / were about to动词原形”结构也可表示预计即将要做的事when i arrived at the airport, the plane was just going to take off. 我到达机场时，飞机正要起飞。she was about to go out when the phone rang. 她正要出去时，电话铃响了。考点五：现在进行时现在进行时的用法例句表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事情，常与now, at this moment, at present, these days等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。im getting along well with a boy in my class. 现在我跟我班里的一位男同学相处很好。today the number of people learning english in china is increasing rapidly. 目前在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。miss green is writing another novel.格林小姐在写另外一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） she is learning piano under prof. smith. 他史密斯教授的指导下学习钢琴。go, come, stay, leave, do, take, have等动词的现在进行时可用来表示计划安排好将要做某事，特别是在口语中im going on a trip soon. 我很快就要去旅行了。were going to shanghai next week. 我们打算下周去上海。现在进行时常与always, forever, constantly等副词连用，带有厌恶、赞扬等感情色彩。you are always changing your mind. 你老改变主意。youre always telling people about your exciting sculpture classes. 你总是跟别人讲起你的精彩的雕塑课。现在进行时还可表示离现在较近的过去。what is going on here? 这儿发生什么事了啦？and there are some great shopping malls. see, were just passing one now. 这里有一些很大的购物中心。看，我们刚经过一家。注意：1）以事物作主语时，多用一般现在时表示按计划安排的活动；以人作主语时，多用现在进行时表示计划要做的事。试比较：the train leaves at 10 p.m. 火车晚上10点开。i am leaving tonight. 我今天晚上要走了。2）表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。the leaves are turning yellow. 树叶变黄了。its getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热。考点六：过去进行时过去进行时的用法例句表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作，常与then, at this (that) time, yesterday, at nine, from 7 to 9 yesterday morning, last night等时间状语连用。但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示may i ask what you were doing in my restaurant yesterday? 请问你昨天到我的餐馆里来干什么？their cousins friend, danny lin, was waiting for them at the airport. 他们表兄妹的朋友丹尼林在机场等候他们。it was a cold day and his jacket was lying on the back of a chair. 天很冷，他的夹克衫搭在椅背上。小贴士：在口语中，有时用过去进行时表示现在的想法，语气显得委婉。例如：i was wondering if you could do me a favour. 不知你能否帮我一个忙。i was hoping you could give us an early reply. 我希望你们能尽快给予答复。注意：过去进行时与一般过去时的区别一般过去时过去进行时时间状语不同yesterday, yesterday morning, last night, last week, a year ago, the day before yesterday, in 2009, just now, one day例如：she did the housework yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午她做家务活了。at this / that time yesterday, the whole evening, all day yesterday 例如：she was doing the housework all day yesterday. 昨天她做了一整天的家务活。强调动作的角度不同i failed the maths test! 我数学没及格！we were driving back home. 那时我们正驱车回家。动词的类型不同表示感观的动词：feel, hear, know, see, smell, taste等。表示状态、感情的动词：be, dislike, have, hate, love, like, want, wish等。表示心理活动的动词：forget, realize, recognize, remember, understand等。表示所属关系的动词：own, belong 等；一般过去时的谓语动词既可是延续性的，也可是终止性的his cousin joined the army in 1999. 他的表哥于1999年参军。（join为终止性动词）左边所列的情况不能用过去进行时。过去进行时的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。例句：my mother was cooking when i got home. 我到家时我妈妈正在做饭。（cook为延续性动词）感情色彩不同对过去所发生的事进行客观描述：your son came late to school this morning. 你儿子今天早晨上学迟到了。（说明客观事实）有时带有埋怨、厌烦、赞扬等感情色彩：your son was always coming late to school. 你儿子上学总是迟到。（带有埋怨情绪）考点七：将来进行时将来进行时的用法例句表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般与表示将来的时间状语连用，如soon, tomorrow, this evening, on sunday, by this time tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow eveningim not really sure what i will be doing in ten years from now. 我真的不能肯定十年后我在做什么。she will be living in beijing for the next five years.接下来的五年她要生活在北京。表示安排要做的事或预计会发生的事well be taking the examination next week. 我们下周考试。this time next week, ill be arriving in new york. 下周的这个时候，我正好抵达纽约。but i can definitely tell you what ill be doing next week celebrating my birthday with my friends. 但是我可明确地告诉你下周我要做什么和朋友们一起庆祝我的生日。注：在口语中，将来进行时用得较多，而且可与一般将来时互换，意义无区别。例如：ill be seeing mary tomorrow. = ill see mary tomorrow. 我明天将见到玛丽。考点八：现在完成时现在完成时的用法例句表示动作发生在过去，但其结果影响到现在，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用，如just, already, yet, ever, recently等my wifes just bought a beautiful dress from one of the shops there. 我的妻子刚从那儿的一家商店买了一件漂亮的衣服。weve done a lot of work on it, but we havent finished yet. 我们在上面花了不少功夫，但是现在还没有完成。表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在，还可能持续下去，常与for和since等表示一段时间的状语连用。ive been very sad for the past few months. 在过去的几个月里，我一直很伤心。ive lost 7 kg in the last two months. 在过去的两个月里我已减掉了7公斤。the marathon has been an olympic event since the modern games started in 1896. 自从1896年现代奥运会开始以来，马拉松一直都是奥运会的比赛项目。表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经历，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。ive never seen her as angry as that, so i kept quiet. 我从来没有看到过她那样生气，所以我保持沉默。the sky is clear blue and i dont think ive ever seen anything else so beautiful in my life. 天空碧蓝如洗，我一生从未见过如此美景。注意：1）come, arrive, buy, hear等终止性动词的现在完成时一般不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如“他参军三年了”，不可说：he has joined the army for three years. 可以说：he has been a soldier for three years. 或he has been in the army for three years. 2）hear等词的否定式可与for等表示一段时间的状语连用，例如：i havent heard from you for weeks. 我有好几个星期都没收到过你的来信了。3）并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。试比较：i worked here for more than twenty years.（我现在已不在这里工作。）i have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别一般过去时现在完成时现在完成时和一般过去时都可以表示过去发生的动作。只表示动作在过去某时发生，不表示和现在的关系。例句：i lost my wallet yesterday. 我昨天把钱包丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）强调的是这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果或影响等。例句：i have lost my wallet. 我把钱包丢了。（现在还未找到）现在完成时运用应注意的几个问题：类别说明例句have been (to) 与have gone (to) 的区别have been (to) 表示去过（某地）（现在已经回来了），可用于各种人称；have gone (to) 表示去了某地（说话时某人不在当地），常用于第三人称。前者可与once, never, several times等连用，后者则不能。they have been to france twice. 他们到法国已去过两次了。she has gone to france. 她已经去法国了。since从句since从句中的谓语动词多用一般过去时，而主句谓语动词用现在完成时；如果主句单纯表示一段时间，那么可以用一般现在时代替现在完成时。we have been friends since we first met. 自从第一次见面以来，我们一直是朋友。its been (=it is) six years since we last saw each other. 自我们上次见面到现在已有6年了。用于时间或条件状语从句在时间或条件状语从句中，须用现在完成时代替将来完成时。ill show you around our garden when the rain has stopped. 等雨停了之后，我领你去看看我们的花园。用于某些句型中it is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时；this is thethat结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。this is the first time (that) i have visited shanghai. 这是我第一次参观上海。this is the most interesting film (that) i have ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。howard carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. 霍华德卡特是世人所知的最著名的探险家之一。考点九：过去完成时过去完成时的基本用法例句表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”，常与by，before， when， until等引导的时间状语连用。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到该时态。most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当他到达晚会现场时，大多数客人已经离开了。by the 1990s the number of the tibetan antelopes had fallen to about 50,000. 截止到20世纪90年代，藏羚羊的数目下降到了大约5万只。by the end of last year, they had turned out 5,000 computers.到去年年底为止，他们生产了 5000 台电脑。表示过去的某个动作或状态持续到过去某时间，还可能持续下去，常与for, since等词连用。it had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days. 风刮了好几个小时，雨已下了两天。如一个并列分句用的是一般过去时，而另一个并列分句表示的动作在更早的过去发生，需用过去完成时。tom flew home, but his father had already died. 汤姆乘飞机回家，但是他的父亲已经去世了。the challenger had exploded in midair and they all started screaming. “挑战者”号在半空中爆炸了，他们都开始尖叫起来。小贴士：在主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义有明显不同。试比较：she said she was a doctor. 她说她是位医生。（说话时仍为医生）she said she had been a doctor. 她说她曾当过医生。（说话时已不当医生）she said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她说她当过20年的医生。（主要强调说话时已当过20年医生，也可能继续当医生）但是，如果从句中有明确的表示过去时间的状语，则常用一般过去时。例如：he said he was born in 1991. 他说他是 1991年出生的。过去完成时的其他用法例句某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等they had hoped to be able to arrive before ten. 他们本来打算能在10点之前到达。like every school boy i had thought that going into space as an astronaut must be the best job in the world. 像所有的男生一样，我原以为当名宇航员进入太空肯定是世界上最好的工作。用于状语从句的两个常用句型里： hardly when （一就）和no sooner than（刚就）（no sooner + 过去完成时 + than + 过去式）hardly had we left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we forgot our map in the room. 第二天早晨我们刚离开宿舍，就想起把地图忘在房间里了。no sooner had the boy spoken these words than his father hit him on the head. 孩子的话刚出口，他的爸爸就打了他的脑袋。注意：1）在before, after, as soon as等引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后，所以可以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。如在when引导的状语从句中，谓语动词的动作发生后，主句谓语动词的动作紧接着发生，这时两者均用一般过去时。例如：when he heard these words, jim panicked and ran to the raft. 听到这些后，吉姆恐惧万分，向木筏跑了过去。2）按动作发生的顺序叙述两个或两个以上的动作时，用一般过去时。例如：he checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor. 他核查了文中的证据，阅读了整篇报道，然且递给技术编辑。3）如果两个动作不是按发生的顺序排列时，先发生的动作须用过去完成时。例如：this surprised me because i had forgotten about the competition. 这让我很吃惊，因为我忘了比赛的事。he was disappointed because he had not performed well in the 1988 seul olympics. 他在1988年汉城奥运会上表现不佳，这使他感到很失望。小贴士：将来完成时（the future perfect tense）表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：by this summer, ill have lived in beijing for thirteen years. 到今年夏天我在北京生活就满13年了。by the middle of the century, computers that are millions of times smarter than us will have been developed. 到本世纪中叶，比我们要聪明数百万倍的电脑会被研制出来。