高考语法填空知识点总结.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 语法填空命题特点 短文材料：课标卷I都是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章，题材内容体现正能量。但2015年课标卷II是说明文。 短文长度：大约是200个词。 必考点是：连词、谓语动词、非谓语动词、词类转换。 常考点是：冠词、介词、代词、比较级。 常考固定搭配：全国课标卷和原广东卷考过的固定搭配有(黑体部分是要求考生填的词)：全国卷At the same time(2015,课标II), It takes time to do sth. (课标I), refuse to do sth. (课标I), keep doing(课标II), next to(课标II) 广东卷neithernor (2013), notbut (2014), Why not do sth.? (2013), have a conversation (2011), a small amount of (2013), on sale (2009), at table (2009), at a price (2013), be tired from (2008), show respect for (2013), charge () for (2014)备考指南一是掌握基础语法：切实掌握每个项目中的基本用法，不淡化，但也不必深化。千万注意语法不要过细、过繁、过多、过难，不要将简单语法复杂化，而应想方设法使复杂的语法简单化，让语法变得更简、更易、更有趣。二是熟悉考点语法：语法填空的考点与短文改错的考点基本相同，具体有以下十大考点：考点1：名词 弄清数与格。即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格。例1We were poor in those _ (day). 分析因day是可数名词，受those修饰，应用复数，故填days。例2 Its about an _ (hour) drive from here. 分析句意是“离这里大约有一个小时的车程”，“一个小时的”用所有格，故填hours。考点2：代词 指代对象(通常是前面出现的名词或整句)，是人还是事物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数，是作主语还是作宾语。例1 The manager was about to leave when his secretary called _ back.分析作called的宾语，应填代词；指代谁？指代The manager，是人; 由his可知, 这个经理是男的，是一个人，单数，且是作宾语，故填him。 如是物主代词(表示某人的)，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词，在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词。例2Tom, a friend of _ (I), is our monitor.分析 指“我的朋友”中的一个，表示“我的朋友(my friend)”，相当于“一个形容词性物主代词+一个名词”的意义，用名词性物主代词，作介词of的宾语，故填mine。 反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时应与主语或宾语一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时需与主语一致。例3 The children amused _ (they) by playing hide-and-seek games.分析缺宾语，应填代词；这些孩子拿谁取乐，应是“自娱自乐，游玩(amuse oneself)”，与主语The children一致，故填themselves。类似的短语还有enjoy oneself (玩得开心), teach oneself(自学), adapt oneself (适应), dress oneself(自己穿衣), devote oneself to(致力于), by oneself(单独地)等。考点3：冠词 不定冠词表示泛指，可译作“一个/本/座/”等；定冠词表示特指，相当于“这，这些，那，那些”。另外，搞清特指上文出现的或谈话双方心目中都知道的人或事物用the，以及在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前，用the。如：例1It was _ third time I had been there.分析在序数词前要用the。 例2 This is _ most boring film Ive ever seen.分析 在最高级前要用the。例3 He is _ honest businessman, according to what everyone says.分析 可译作：根据大家的评说，他是一个诚实的商人。表示“一个”，用不定冠词，honest的读音以元音音素开头，故填an。考点4：连词 并列连词。连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and, or, but, neithernor, eitheror, whetheror等。例1 As a citizen, you must obey the law _ you will be punished. 分析 前后是两个句子，应填连词；根据句意可知填or，表示“否则”。例2 He likes cats _ dislikes dogs.分析 因likes cats与dislikes dogs是转折关系，故填but。 从句连词。 引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意思，并在从句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，没有任何意义), 和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词what的意义和用法。例3 He came to me in the belief _ I could help him.分析空格后面的句子是belief的同位语，从句内容完整，也不缺少任何句子成分，故填that。例4 Owing to lack of time, we cannot do more than _ we have done.分析在宾语从句中作have done的宾语，相当于the thing that，“所的事”，用连接代词what。 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。例5I met someone _ said he knew you.分析引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，用关系代词；先行词是人，故填who。例6 Li Ming won first prize in the competition, _ made his father pleased.分析引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，用关系代词；先行词是“李明在这次比赛中得了第一名”这回事，故填which。 引导状语从句的从属连词。例7 We camped there _ it was too dark to go on.分析因“天太黑不能继续走了”是“我们在那里宿营”的原因，故填because。例8 Such things, _ you like it or not, do happen from time to time.分析由句意“不管你喜欢不喜欢，这样的事的确时有发生”及or可知，填whether引导让步状语从句。whether or 不管还是考点5：介词 主要是at, in, on, for, since, with, without, from, as, after, before, behind等表示时间、地点、原因等的介词以及习惯用语中的介词。例1 I am grateful to you _ helping me.分析 因为某事感谢某人，用for表示感谢的原因。例2_ time going by, I gradually realize the importance of health. 分析表示“随着”用介词With。With time going by =As time goes by随着时间的流逝。考点6：助动词 构成行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句和否定句的do, does, did。例1 How much _ he charge you for repairing the bicycle just now? 分析这是疑问句，由just now可知，是一般过去时，填助动词did。 强调行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的谓语动词的do, does, did。例2To tell you the truth, Tom _ take my pen by mistake yesterday, but he has said sorry to me.分析与yesterday连用，谓语动词本应用一般过去时，但take却用了原形，可见其前面应当有助动词或情态动词；根据语境，应当是表达“的确错拿了我的钢笔”，强调谓语动词，又是一般过去时，用did。 构成部分倒装的do, does, did。例3 Not only _ he do well in his study, but also he is always ready to help others. 分析 not onlybut also连接两个句子时，前一个句子要用部分倒装；主语是第三人称单数，动词却用了原形do，可见前面应有助动词does, did；由后句的is可知，是一般现在时，故填does。 常用情态动词的基本用法。例4I _ have gone to the school library, but it rained heavily, so I did not.分析表示“本应该做某事，但事实上却没有做”，用should have done sth. 表示，故填should。考点7：谓语动词 谓语动词主要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。从历年广东卷和全国卷来看，考得最多的是一般现在时和一般过去时，且只需看看上下文中谓语动词是用什么时态，跟着用什么时态就行了，十分简单。例1He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he_ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called分析在主语人称代词he后作谓语，是谓语动词；因he与find是主动关系，用主动语态，由上下文的时态可知，用一般过去时，故填found。例2Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We _ (tell) that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week分析由tell sb. sth. 可知，用被动语态，表示我们“被告知” ; 又由上下文的时态(如went, said)可知，用一般过去时，故填were told。例3He suddenly appeared in class one day He walked in as if he _ (buy) the schoolhe was from New York City.分析由as if(好像)可知，可能用虚拟语气；由语境可知，他是新来的同学，不可能是买下了学校，故用虚拟语气；这是叙述过去的事，与过去事实相反，用过去完成时，故填had bought。考点8：非谓语动词 动词是作谓语用的，当动词不是作谓语时，而是作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语时，该动词就要用非谓语形式：to do(即用to+原形), doing(即-ing形式), done(即-ed形式)。 根据三种形式的不同用法，以及非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系等来确定具体用哪种形式。例1Sue got home, _ (feel) very tired.分析因已有谓语动词got，而feel前又没有并列连词，所以feel是非谓语动词；又因Sue与feel是主动关系，故填feeling，分词短语作伴随状语。例2_(build) in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.分析句中已有谓语动词is，所以build是非谓语动词；又因the bridge与build是被动关系，故填Built。例3It has been his dream _ (travel) round the world.分析It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式，故填to travel。例4_ (collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby.分析因seems to be是谓语了，collect应为非谓语；由句子结构可知,填Collecting，动名词短语作主语，当然填To collect也是正确的。例5I didnt talk much to the man _ (sit) next to me.分析因句中已有谓语动词didnt talk，所以sit应为非谓语动词；又因the man与sit是主动关系，故填sitting,分词短语作定语。例6She avoided _ (answer) the teachers questions.解析在avoid后只能接动词的-ing形式作宾语，故填answering。顺便提提，一定要牢记: 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词, 如finish, enjoy, consider, advise, suggest, feel like, cant help等; 只能接to do作宾语的动词, 如plan, want, wish, hope, would like, refuse等; 接to do与doing意思有差别的动词,如forget, remember, regret等； look forward to, devote oneself to等to是介词的短语动词。考点9：词类转换 要求考生搞清楚，什么词类在句中作什么成分，或什么成分用什么词类的词来充当。复习要点主要有： 作主语、宾语、表语，用名词。亦即，名词就是在句中作主语、宾语、表语的。例1Several children are away from school because of _ (ill). 分析作介词because of的宾语，要用名词，故填illness。 作定语、补语、表语，用形容词。亦即，形容词在句中是作定语、补语、表语的。例2 This is the only reference book that I find _(use).分析that I find useful是定语从句，关系代词that代表先行词the book，在定语从句中作find的宾语，所以要填的词是作宾补的，故填形容词形式useful。 作状语，用副词修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，或修饰全句。亦即，副词就是用来作状语的。例3I arrived late but _ (luck), the meeting had been delayed.分析修饰后面整个分句，作状语，填副词luckily。考点10：比较等级 有than的前面要用比较级；有in, of, I have ever seen等表示比较范围的用最高级；根据语境理解隐形的比较级。例1It takes _ (little) time to go there by plane than by train.分析由than可知，要用比较级，故填less。例2My pronunciation is poor. His is even _ (bad).分析由even(更)可知用比较级，相当于后面省略了than mine，故填worse。例3Hainan is Chinas second _ (large) island.解析表示“第几大/长”，用“序数词+最高级”表示，故填largest。例4Mr. Li, our English teacher, is one of the _ (nice) people I know.解析有定语从句I know 表示比较范围，用最高级，故填nicest。此外，作形式主语和形式宾语的it，构成强调句型的it, that都是很可能要考的，同学们务必要注意。例1I find _ interesting to learning English.解析填it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。例2It is because he has been working hard _ he has made such great progress.解析填that，与前面的It is构成强调结构。解题指导了解语法填空的考点和考法对解题非常有用。具体步骤大致为： 略读全文抓大意。 分析句子结构，根据所填词在句中充当什么成分确定要填哪类词，即从句子结构的完整性去思考该填哪类词。 根据句子意思的完整性去思考具体填哪个词。 根据前后句子之间的逻辑关系确定填适当的并列连词或从句的引导词。 先易后难，等容易的做好后再考虑难题。做完后再通读一遍，认真检查。真题再练1. 2015 课标卷I Yangshuo, China It was raining lightly when I 61 _ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care. A few hours 62_, Id been at home in Hong Kong, with 63 _(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 65 _ (painting). Instead, Id head straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away 66 _car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo 67_(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers 68 _ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 69 _ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people 70 _(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.本文作者记叙从香港来到桂林阳朔旅游的日记。61. arrived 当一个动作正在发生时突然又发生另外一事，when (=and just at that time)后的谓语动词用一般过去时。62. before 上文“现在来到了阳朔” 后文“我还在香港的家里”，可见是“几个小时之前”。63. its 指“香港的”令人窒息的烟雾。64. which/that 引导定语从句，先行词是mountain tops and dark waters。65. paintings 因受many修饰，要用复数形式。66. by 指开车一个小时的路程。67. is 指目前的状态或客观存在的状态。68. conducted 由conduct a study /survey (进行研究/调查)可知，a study与conduct是被动关系，故用过去分词短语作后置定语。69. regularly 修饰动词arranges作状语，用副词。70. living 因people与live是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作后置定语。2. 2015 课标卷 II The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 61 _ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 _ most modern of architects and engineers. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 _(able) to “air condition” a house without 64 _ (use) electric equipment. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 _(slow) during cool nights, thus warning the house. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 66 _(cool) the house during the hot day. 67 _ the same time, they warm up again for the night. This cycle 68 _(go) day after day. The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and thus always a timely offset（抵消）for the outside temperatures. As 69 _(nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 _ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.本文介绍了美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人的土坯房。61. built 因The adobe dwellings与build是被动关系，用过去分词短语作后置定语。62. the 由常修饰最高级的even与后面的most modern可知，这是最高级，其前面通常用the。63. ability 因在形容词性物主代词后必定用名词。64. using 动词在介词后要用动名词形式。65. slowly 修饰动词give out，用副词。66. to cool 在形容词后作状语，要用不定式。67. At 因at the same time是固定词组。68. goes 从上下句中的谓语动词warm来看，用一般现在时。69. natural 在名词前作定语要用形容词。70. how 引导宾语从句，表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。1. 2014 课标卷样题 修改前有阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。(注：括号中的“不多于3个单词”在2015年的考纲中已改为“1个单词”，事实上，2014的高考真题，纯空格题的正确答案也都只有一个英语单词；2015年的考纲样题已将对话改为了短文)Mum: (putting on her coat) Im going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.Alan: Why?Mum: Im not sure what 1 _ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2 _ I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because theyre 3_ (go).Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. Im sure he was in the kitchen 4 _ (early).Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5 _ (make) them, so he couldnt have done it. 6 _ , he couldnt carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so Im sure 7 _ wasnt him.Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasnt me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8 _ fridge?Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9 _ (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10 _. Now, why did I put on my coat? 这是Alan与母亲的一段对话，谈话内容是母亲做的三明治在她去接电话时不见了，后来Alan发现在冰箱里。1. happened 在宾语从句中，what是主语，happen应为谓语动词，要考虑其时态；从下文made, left, went, must have taken(一定已拿走)等可知，用一般过去时。 2. when 前后是句子，应填关联词；由句意与逻辑可知，应填表示“当时”的when。 3. gone 作表语用形容词，表示“不见了”，故填gone。 4. earlier 意为比现在(对话当时)更早的时候，故用比较级。 5. making 表示“做完”是finish doing，故填making。6. Anyway 因前后都有标点，可知填副词；根据文后逻辑，应为“无论如何，不管怎么说(anyway)”。7. it 表示猜测中的人或不确定的人，用it。 8. the 指说话人和听话人心目中都知道的“那个”冰箱，故填the。 9. must have put 从语境中可知，意思是“我一定是在电话铃响时把它们放进那里了”，对过去情况的推测，表示“一定已经”，用“must have done”。 10. mind /memory 从上文内容可知，意为“天啦！我真的失去记忆力了。”(特别提醒：此题与语法无关，属完形填空的考点，可能是当时命题者考虑不成熟所致)3. 2014 课标卷I Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix? In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It 1 _ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it 2 _ (actual) caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of 3 _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. But the river wasnt changed in a few days 4 _even a few months. It took years of work 5 _ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 6 _(clean) than ever. Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 7 _ _ is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or dont know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation, dont you want a quick fix and something to change immediately? While there are 8 _ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 9 _ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 10 _(patience).凯霍加河的河水1969年还沾得可以着火，但通过几年治理，河水变得清澈，成为治理环境的最突出的例子之一。作者以此为例说明，看似不可能处理的情况其实也是可能的，只是一定要有耐心。1. was 指1969年的情况，用一般过去时；上下句的时态也有提示作用。2. actually 修饰谓语动词caught，作状语，用副词。3. the 构成最高级。4. or 起并列作用，表示“或者”。5. to reduce 是it takes time to do sth.句型，不定式作真正的主语。6. cleaner 作表语，依然用形容词；由than可知，要用比较级。mainstream n. 主流；主要倾向7. that /which 引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词是a habit。8. amazing 在名词stories前作定语，要用形容词；由句意可知，需要填表示“惊人的”amazing。n.钻；钻机9. changes 作主语或冠词后应当用名词，change除作动词外也可作名词；由紧接着的are可知，要用复数形式。n. 盎格鲁-撒克逊人10. patient 在系动词be后作表语，要用形容词。moral adj. 道德（上）的；伦理的4. 2014 课标卷II cement n. 水泥One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about 1 _ (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 2 _ some of them looked very anxious and 3 _ (disappoint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next 4 _ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike 5 _ (catch) my a